› Indirect control allowed existing political rulers to handle much of the daily work while countries that ruled by direct control viewed locals as unable to control their own country.  Often in direct rule, the imperialist takes care of their needs but gives them no rights.  Imperialists often want locals to assimilate to the dominant culture.

 Improved weaponry - maxim gun  Steam boat to navigate rivers  Improved communication to administer empire, railroads, cables, and steam boats  Quinine - drug preventing malaria

 Westernization › Sanitation › Government › Culture › Christianity › So much more!

 The policy was set in 1899 and went into action after the Boxer Rebellion.  The defeated Chinese government was forced to pay retribution to invading Western countries.  Western countries realigned their territories to make space for the U.S.

 The Chinese government resisted Western traditions and its people did not trust the officials. The Chinese fell prey to other countries for decades.  The Japanese embraced Western culture and revamped its society. It quickly became a world power.

 Build Schools  Reduce crime  Improve local textile industry  Plant cash crops  Introduced railroads  Improve medical facilities  Increase food production  End suttee

 Build Schools  Introduced railroads  Improve medical facilities  End suttee

 The Mughal Empire fizzled out of power after isolating itself for so long.  Britain’s victory at the Battle of Plassey paved the way for the British East India Company to seize control – indirect control.

 German army and strong central government  British navy  U.S. system of education

› North Africa  Islamic, part of Ottoman Empire › Sub-Saharan  1000 different languages  Kingdoms to small tribes  Many different ethnic groups

 Muslim Ottoman Empire (Berbers) had controlled northern access for centuries before losing power in the 19 th century.  Rivers not easily navigable  Sahara Desert  Disease

 Reduced local warfare  Improved sanitation  Medicine and hospitals  Schools  Entered international economy  Built infrastructure  Railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines

 Diseases like smallpox, 1000’s died  Famine resulted from switch from subsistence farming to cash crops  Lost culture and traditional societal structure  Village life disrupted  Political Legacy  Rival groups forced to live together  Artificial boundaries still plague Africa

 New consisted of quicker, more direct control, dominant takeover of WHOLE country.  Old consisted of taking over smaller parts like cities or regions for trading posts, etc.

 The Boers (Afrikaners, Dutch) had managed to coexist with the Zulus.  However, the British wanted all the land in South Africa and pitted themselves against the Zulu and Boers.  This resulted in the British winning and securing the land of South Africa.

 Japan established spheres of influence over Korea

 Scottish missionary David Livingstone traveled deep into Africa to spread Christianity.  American newspaper reporter Henry Stanley discovered him several years later.  This sparked an interest in imperializing Africa.

 What is “Raj”?

 Following the Sepoy Mutiny when the British government took direct rule over India.

 The Boers used this to fight off the British. What is it?

 The Boer War is considered the first modern “total” war in that everybody was involved. › Guerrilla tactics › Commando raids › Women and children were imprisoned