Water, Gas, and Phylogenetic Analyses from Sulfur Springs in Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico Michael N. Spilde, Tobias P. Fischer, and Diana E. Northup.

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Presentation transcript:

Water, Gas, and Phylogenetic Analyses from Sulfur Springs in Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico Michael N. Spilde, Tobias P. Fischer, and Diana E. Northup University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM H.J. Turin Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Penelope J. Boston New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM

Villahermosa Cueva de Villa Luz El Chichon

Photos by Kenneth Ingham © 2004 Kenneth Ingham Elemental sulfur on ceiling Snottites Phlegm balls © 2004 Kenneth Ingham

Phlegm balls in hydrogen sulfide springs © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Sulfur Isotopes H 2 S Hose et al ‰ S o “-23.7‰ Gypsum“-23.5 ‰ H 2 S (El Chichón)Taran et al ‰ S o (El Chichón)“+4.5 ‰ Photo by Kenneth Ingham © 2004 Kenneth Ingham Sulfur Spring in Cueva de Villa Luz

Photos by Kenneth Ingham © 2004 Kenneth Ingham Perched Pool ORP(mV) pH ORP(mV) pH – – Oxidation-Reduction Potential Measurements © 2004 Kenneth Ingham

Research Question: What is the source of the hydrogen sulfide gas? H 2 S from Campeche oil and gas fields Magmatic gas from El Chichon Sulfate reduction in Campeche platform evaporites

Map by Jim Pisarowicz & Louise Hose © 1999 National Spleleological Society Main Entrance Midway Springs Sulfur Spring Perched Pool Boulder Spring Resurgence Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico 030 PhlegmaSpring 26 groundwater inlets: l/s Sampled spring: water Sampled spring: gas Spring

Villa Luz Gas Chemistry El Chichon & Agua Caliente data from Taran et al Not atmospheric gas © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Gas Chemistry El Chichon & Agua Caliente data from Taran et al Not atmospheric gas Not thermogenic (not derived from heating of sediments by intrusive bodies) © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Gas Chemistry El Chichon & Agua Caliente data from Taran et al From He isotopes, calculated magmatic component = 22% © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Gas Chemistry El Chichon & Agua Caliente data from Taran et al From He isotopes, calculated magmatic component = 22% Gas derived from mixing of mantle and crustal sources © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Perched Pool Midway Springs Boulder Spring Sulfur Spring Agua Caliente (El Chichon spring) El Chichon Crater Water Sampling X10 Water samples: 4 springs sampled in cave 2 with low/no H 2 S gas 2 exhaling H 2 S Compared to El Chichon crater & spring (from Taran et al. 1998) © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Perched Pool Midway Springs Boulder Spring Sulfur Spring Agua Caliente (El Chichon spring) El Chichon Crater Water Sampling X10 Water samples: 4 springs sampled in cave 2 with low/no H 2 S gas 2 exhaling H 2 S Compared to El Chichon crater & spring (from Taran et al. 1998) © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Perched Pool Midway Springs Boulder Spring Sulfur Spring Agua Caliente (El Chichon spring) El Chichon Crater Water Sampling X10 Water samples: 4 springs sampled in cave 2 with low/no H 2 S gas 2 exhaling H 2 S Compared to El Chichon crater & spring (from Taran et al. 1998) Results: Little variation between cave springs SO 4 & Cl nearly equal in cave water Low HCO 3 El Chichon water saline, dominated by Cl, low SO 4 © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Water Chemistry Meteoric Water Line Li B Trace elements elevated in Villa Luz water B & Li high Hg about 10x EPS standard * data from Taran et al Villa Luz El Chichon* Agua Caliente* Cold Spring* Rainwater* Mixing? © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Water Chemistry Meteoric Water Line Li B Trace elements elevated in Villa Luz Fall slightly off meteoric water line * data from Taran et al Villa Luz El Chichon* Agua Caliente* Cold Spring* Rainwater* Mixing? © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Water Chemistry Meteoric Water Line Li B Trace elements elevated in Villa Luz Fall slightly off meteoric water line Suggests mixing of magmatic and meteoric water Using Cl, we calculate 6% mix * data from Taran et al Villa Luz El Chichon* Agua Caliente* Cold Spring* Rainwater* Mixing? © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Water Modeling PHREEQC Program (USGS) used to calculate mixtures of solutions. Scenario 1: Simple dilution. Mix meteoric & magmatic Equilibrate with calcite. © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Villa Luz Water Modeling PHREEQC Program (USGS) used to calculate mixtures of solutions. Scenario 1: Simple dilution. Mix meteoric & magmatic Equilibrate with calcite. Scenario 2: Mixture of equilibrated fluids. Equil. magmatic w/ CaSO 4 Mix with meteoric Equilibrate with calcite. © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Schematic Model of Water & Gas Sources at Cueva de Villa Luz Eq CaSO 4 Eq CaCO 3  34 S=+4.6  34 S=-11.7 MW=4000 mm/yr fault D SR Gas Water Degassing Sulfate reduction SR D 10 km 2 km W E © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Gases are predominately crustal gases No atmospheric signature Slight amount of CH 4 not thermogenic Approximately 22% magmatic gases, based on He isotopes Water is predominantly meteoric Slightly elevated trace elements indicative of hydrothermal water Around 6% hydrothermal water mixed with meteoric SO 4 in water derived from middle Cretaceous evaporites underlying cave H 2 S probably derived from bacterial sulfate reduction fueled by CH 4 BSR can occur in water column anywhere below the cave Conclusions © 2004 Miichael Spilde

Water modeling assistance from Laura Crossey, UNM Gas analysis by Tobias Fischer, UNM Water analyses by Jake Turin, LANL Phylogenetic analysis by Diana Northup, UNM Gas sampling by Doug Soroka & Penny Boston Photographs by Kenneth Ingham, Albuquerque, NM Partial funding from National Geographic Society to Penny Boston & Louse Hose Acknowledgements