10/18 Do Now: Where did ancient civilizations develop in Africa? Aim: What are the key characteristics of Africa’s early civilizations? Objectives: Students will be able to… Describe the location, economy, government, religion, and achievements of Africa’s early civilizations Compare and contrast Africa’s early civilizations Agenda:Review Early Civilizations Chart Homework: Read and take notes on Ch. 4 Sec. 2

Early Human Civilization Earliest humans developed in Africa because of its climate As climate warmed, the Sahara Desert formed and humans migrated to river valleys Developed farming and civilization along the lower Nile in Egypt

Review of Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3000 BCE-1100 BCE) Economy centered around the Nile Ruled by pharaohs Polytheistic and link btwn gods and govt. Social hierarchy based on occupation Made great achievements

Review of Nubia/Kush Civilization (600 BCE-30OCE) Influenced by and one ruled by ancient Egypt Economy centered around the Nile and trade Polytheistic Ruled by kings Made great artistic and scientific achievements

Early African Civilizations Group Work Work with your group to learn about the economy, govt., religion and achievements of your assigned early African civilization Explain its characteristics to the class so that everyone’s “Early African Civilizations Chart” is complete

Groups- H Block Ghana- Sara, Kelsey, Daniel, Steven Mali- Jocelyn, Ridge, Hunter Songhai- Ilana, Cooper, Jacob Benin- Erika, Patrick, Kris East African Coastal Cities- Noa, Ben, Jonice Great Zimbabwe- Brittney, Sam, Jordan

Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Civilization (3000 BCE-1100 BCE)

Axum ( CE)

West African Kingdoms- Ghana, Mali, Songhai

The Kingdom of Benin ( )

East African Coastal Cities/Swahili States (1000s-1800s)

Great Zimbabwe ( )

10/16 Aim: What were early African societies like? Objectives: Students will be able to… Identify similarities and differences between farming and herding communities Describe general trends in African social organization, govt., economics and religion Identify cultural elements in a story Agenda:PPT Review of 4.2 African Folktale Group Work Homework: 4.3 Notes

Patterns of Early African Life Ch. 4 Sec. 2

Social Organization- Family Early hunter-gathers lived in nuclear families Farmers and herders live in extended families, often in clans (group of interrelated families) Most urban dwellers live in nuclear families

Social Organization- Women and Marriage Women seen as central to family life and respected for child bearing Status varied but influenced roles and inheritance –Matriarchal/Matrilineal societies vs. Patriarchal/Patrilineal societies Marriage traditionally occurred at young ages and included a gift to the bride’s family (bride wealth) but varied in type –Monogamy vs. polygamy Matriarchal Patriarchal MonogamyPolygamy

Social Organization- Age Grade System A form of social organization based on age- all boys or girls born in the same year were linked –Formed basis of education and rise of adulthood –Helped community’s sharing of duties –Created ties of loyalty based on age –Influenced social hierarchy

Patterns of Government Traditionally, the village was a democratic govt. unit –Stressed community over individual –Elders served as leaders and developed consensus (common agreement) on decisions –In empires, village elders still made most decisions Today, a variety of govt. types exist, but villages are still important

Traditional Economic Organization Most lived and worked as farmers or herders Farming: –In river valleys and savanna –Based on subsistence (growing enough to survive) –Land as community property –Techniques based on environment (Slash and burn) Herding: –Where farming was difficult –Cattle supported society- how?

Economic Organization Today Many countries are becoming more advanced Many Africans are still farmers and herders, but are increasingly working in industry, manufacturing, services and mining

Traditional African Religions Mostly monotheistic, but many worshipped spirits and revered ancestors –Animism: all objects have souls and should be respected Believed in diviners (intermediaries between human and spirit world) and healers

Religion in Africa Today Some still believe in traditional religions Traditional beliefs have blended with other religions 40% of Africans are Christian –Reached Africa in ancient times through trade and expanded in 1800s through missionaries –Strongest in Central and Southern Africa 45% of Africans are Muslim –Reached Africa through trade and Muslim empires beginning in 700s –Strongest in Northern Africa

“Where Stories Come From” What does the story tell us about the Zulu (a group from Southern Africa)? –Family –Role of women –The economy (work and jobs) –Values (what’s important) –Beliefs

10/23 Do Now: Why did Europeans turn to Africa for slaves? Aim: What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade? Objectives: Students will be able to… Explain what led to the development of the slave trade Explain the effects of the slave trade on Africa Agenda:Slave Trade Questions Homework: Read and take notes on Chapter 4 Section 4

10/20 Do Now: What led to the end of the Atlantic slave trade in the mid- 1800s? What led to the rise of imperialism in the late 1800s? Aim: How did Africa become controlled by European imperial powers? Objectives: Students will be able to… Define imperialism Explain European motives for controlling Africa Explain how Europeans divided Africa for themselves Agenda:PPT Review African History Review Homework: None!

The Transatlantic Slave Trade Causes: –European desire for cheap labor in the Americas –Death of most Native Americans –Africans’ ability to work and “survive” on American plantations Effects on Africa: –Linked to Europe and the Americas –Growth of war –Hurt communities and families –Diaspora (people of African descent living in many places) –Set stage for imperialism

Atlantic Slave Trade vs. Imperialism Selling African slaves to work European farms in the Americas Linked to agriculture 1500s – mid-1800s Conquest of African nations/groups by Europeans Linked to industry Late 1800s – mid- 1900s

Europeans Explore Africa Europeans had established trading posts on coast in 1500s, but hadn’t ventured inland Desire for new resources and adventure caused Europeans to explore Africa’s rivers in the 1700s and 1800s –Examples? Exploration made Europeans excited to extend influence to Africa Park Burton & Speke Livingstone

European Motives for Imperialism: “Gold, Glory and God” Economic: –Desire for cheap raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods Political: –Influenced by nationalism –Countries competed to control more land than their rivals Religious/cultural: –Desire to spread Christianity and western values to “inferior” African tribes

Scramble for Colonies Europeans fought with each other and with Africans to control the continent Europeans were able to colonize most of the continent by the early 1900s –Why?

The Berlin Conference (1884) A meeting in which Europeans made decisions about the division of Africa –No Africans invited –Made borders regardless of cultural/language divisions

Struggle for South Africa 1600s-1700s: Boer Settlement –Boers (Dutch) settled tip Cape Town in 1652 –Enslaved local peoples –Expanded north while Zulu (African tribe) were expanding south 1800s: Boers vs. British vs. Zulus –British won control of Cape Colony from Boers and forced them north on “Great Trek” –Boers set up 2 republics (Orange Free State & Transvaal) and battled Zulu for control of area 1900s: British Domination –Diamonds & gold discovered –British fought Dutch in Boer War (1902) and won control over Dutch republics –Created Union of South Africa & granted it self- rule (a colony but could have own govt. and make most decisions)

10/25 Do Now: What is imperialism? Why did it develop? Aim: How did Africa become controlled by European imperial powers? Objectives: Students will be able to… Define imperialism Explain European motives for controlling Africa Explain how Europeans divided Africa for themselves Agenda:Scramble for Africa Game Homework: Read and take notes on Chapter 4 Section 5, Africa test next Thursday