Imperialism of Africa

Imperialism is…  …control by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country and/or region  Think!...  Control  Take Over  Colony

In Africa…  In the 1400’s European countries began to set up trading stations along the coast  1500’s Europeans began the slave trade

Slave trade…  Europeans started to transport slaves to the new world  Why?

Triangle Trade

Slave Trade…  The slave trade reached its height in the 1700’s  The Middle Passage- Poor conditions during the trip, many died

Effects of Slave Trade…  Caused civil wars in Africa  Entire communities lost  Workforce lost  **African Diaspora- the scattering of Africans and spreading of African culture

Scramble for Africa…  Due to the smooth coastline and other geographic features Africa was the last to be explored  “God, Gold, Glory”  European countries started to claim parts of Africa

Gold Wealth- Slaves, gems, ivory God Spread Christianity “White Man’s Burden” Civilize the uncivilized Glory Fame, Claim land for country

Berlin Conference  14 European countries met to divide up Africa  Here’s the catch- NO AFRICAN WAS INVITED!!!

Effects  Created new boundaries  Divided tribal lands  Separated cultures

Nationalism…  …pride in one’s country and a desire to be free  Why would nationalism rise in Africa?

Nationalism…  Most independence movements began after WWII  Pan-Africanism- movement to unite Africa  “Africa for Africans” Marcus Garvey

Nationalism… Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta

Challenges…  Creating national unity  People still felt more loyal to their tribes  Civil wars in the Congo and Rwanda  Poor economies  Still relied on foreign countries for manufactured goods

Boer War  Boers (Dutch) and British clash over control of gold and diamonds  British defeat the Dutch  British granted “self-rule” to the “Union of South Africa” BUT!!!  Government is controlled by the white population

Apartheid  Legal separation of races  16% European  70% African  11% Mixed race  3% Asian Who is the Majority? Who had control?

Characteristics of Apartheid

Passbooks- record of where Blacks could live, work and travel

Segregation of races Buses Beaches Restaurants Schools

Homelands- areas set aside for ethnic groups -dry, infertile land

To end Apartheid…  Desmond Tutu  Sharpsville Massacre- peaceful demonstration, police opened fire killing 69  Martial law declared  Protest declared illegal  Any opponents jailed

Nelson Mandela  Led the African National Congress (ANC)- political party to end Apartheid  sentenced to life in prison for plotting to overthrow the government with violence (served 26 years )

Apartheid finally ends  South African President F.W. de Klerk lifted ban on protests, released Mandela  New constitution written  Free elections held  Mandela elected 1 st black president of South Africa

Modern Issues  Problems  Debt  Civil wars  Poverty  Diseases United Nations- an intergovernmental organization established to promote international co-operation

UN Involvement  Somalia - warlords prevented humanitarian aid from reaching people- US sent troops to restore supply lines  Rwanda *- Hutu vs. Tutsis  Sudan - Arab militants reportedly linked to the Sudanese government were attacking black Muslims- 1 million refugees, 40,000 killed

*Rwanda  Originally imperialized by Belgium  Belgians divided the country into two groups  Hutus, Tutsis  Hutus are the majority  When the Belgians left, they gave the power to the Tutsis

Rwanda  Elections are held and a Hutu president is elected  But, Hutus still want revenge for years of oppression  President is killed  Suspected by his own Hutu people  Hutus use this to start killing Tutsis and other political opponents

Rwanda  500,000-1 Million Rwandans are killed in 100 days  Genocide- deliberate and planned killing of an entire race or ethnic group  United Nations eventually sent support  Rwanda Political Front (RPF) takes control of the country