صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58. By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Member of American Society of Physiology.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 6 Vision. Sensation and Perception: Important Vocabulary Terms Sensation is the process of receiving, transducing, and coding stimulus energy.
Advertisements

Visual Sensation & Perception How do we see?. Structure of the eye.
The visual system Part I.
The Central Visual System
Vision. Three main parts Layer of receptors Lens and cornea system that focuses light on these receptors Nerves that conduct impulses from the receptor.
Presented By: Jenna, Jeff, and Olivia
Visual Sensation & Perception How do we see?. Structure of the eye.
The Eye. A Model for Sensing  Three components: Stimulus detection – a specialized sensory neuron Reception – where neurons receive information from.
Click to Play! Neuro Quiz  Michael McKeough 2008 Identify the correct question The Visual System.
EYES!.
THEORIES OF COLOR VISION
The Eye: Structure & Function
1. Vision Stimulus: Light (Elecro-magnetic radiation) Receptor: Cones and Rods.
Vision. Light is electromagnetic energy. One nm = one billionth of a meter The Visible Spectrum.
Sensation and Perception Part 1: Intro and Vision.
The Physiology of Vision part 2. Defects of image forming 1- Hyperopia ( farsightedness) : -Is a defect in which the eye-ball is shorter than normal.
Module 12 Vision.  Transduction  conversion of one form of energy to another  in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.
Physics The cornea and lens refract light rays coming into the eye. The image projected onto the retina is upside down and backwards. If the focal plane.
Vision By: Bethany, Iqra, Clint, Cameron, Nick. The Process Light enters eye through the cornea Then, it goes through the pupil which is surrounded by.
Glaucoma & Glaucoma test Refraction Degree of cell packing in retina.
Vision Biology/Psychology Some introductory thoughts Sensory world in general is basically a representation of the real world So, we have a rich.
Eye. Structure The most important structures to learn the function of are… Retina Lens –Ciliary Muscles Iris.
صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58. By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Member of American Society of Physiology.
Mr. Koch AP Psychology Forest Lake High School
Anatomy of the Eye.
The Special Senses A. Visual sensations 1. Accessory structures of the eye 1. Accessory structures of the eye 2. Anatomy of the eyeball 2. Anatomy of the.
1 Perception, Illusion and VR HNRS , Spring 2008 Lecture 3 The Eye.
Table of Contents Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception.
The Visual System. The Nature of Light Electromagnetic Spectrum – An energy spectrum that includes X-rays, radar, and radio waves – A small portion of.
Unit Ten: The Nervous System: B. Special Senses
Psychology, Ninth Edition in Modules David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2010.
VISION From Light to Sight. Objective To describe how the receptor cells for vision respond to the physical energy of light waves and are located in the.
Vision Structure of the Eye We only use light energy to see.
Physiology of Vision (2)
The Visual System: Retinal Mechanisms
Vision Psychology Some introductory thoughts Sensory world in general is basically a representation of the real world Sensory world in general is.
THE VISUAL SYSTEM. LIGHT Electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave Amplitude = brightness Wavelength = color Varies in purity (richness of colors)
1 Computational Vision CSCI 363, Fall 2012 Lecture 5 The Retina.
The Eye. Energy v. Chemical senses Energy SensesChemical Senses.
Dr. Raj Patel OD - Vancouver Vision Clinic
1 Perception and VR MONT 104S, Fall 2008 Lecture 2 The Eye.
Vision.
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision L12
Sensation and Perception Module 18 Vision. Energy=Light We only see a small spectrum of light rays 2 characteristics determine our sensory experiences.
Physiology of vision. Diapasone of the visible light.
Keith Clements Introduction to Neuroscience
Sensation and Perception. Transformation of stimulus energy into a meaningful understanding –Each sense converts energy into awareness.
Figure Figure Figure Posterior Cavity Space enclosed by lens, ciliary body, retina Filled with vitreous humor –jelly-like fluid –supports.
Perception of stimuli Option A.3. Receptors detect changes in the environment. List and describe the types of specialized receptors in humans. a. Mechanoreceptors-
MODULE #13: VISION. Vision Transduction: transformation of stimulus energy (light, sound, smells, etc.) to neural impulses our brains can interpret. Our.
Vision. The Eye and Vision It’s the most complex and most important sense for humans. The vision “system” transfers light waves into neural messages that.
Vision.
Visual Perception Human Body Systems © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Visual Sensory System.
THE VISUAL SYSTEM: ESSENTIALS OF SIGHT
Vision.
The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex
Sensation and Perception
Visual Perception Human Body Systems © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
The Eye and the Nervous System
THE VISUAL SYSTEM.
The Visual System: Retinal Mechanisms
VISION Module 18.
Visual Perception Human Body Systems © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Visual Perception Human Body Systems © 2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Vision.
Photochemistry of Vision
Computational Vision CSCI 384, Spring 2004 Lecture 4 The Retina
(Do Now) Journal What is psychophysics? How does it connect sensation with perception? What is an absolute threshold? What are some implications of Signal.
Eye: Retina and Neural Mechanisms.
Presentation transcript:

صدق الله العظيم الاسراء اية 58

By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Physiology Member of American Society of Physiology

It is the ability of the eye to perceive the different types and characters of colours. Types of colours:Types of colours: Primary colours They are red, green, and blue When they are mixed together in the same proportion they give white colour When mixed by different proportion they give other colours Complementary colours These colours when mixed together they give white colour e.g. deep blue and yellow; red and cyano

Characters of colours:Characters of colours: 1.Hue means the wave length e.g. red light (wavelength nm), green light ( nm), and blue light ( nm). 2. Intensity or saturation means the purity of the colour i.e. it is pure or mixed with other colours 3. Brightness means the amount of light in the colour

2 theories 1) One the level of receptors or retina → retinal mechanism → Young-Helmholtz Theory 2) The other at the level of pathway →neural mechanism → Herring Theory

It is the most accepted theory of colour vision It postulates that there are 3 kinds of cones

Equal stimulation of the 3 cone systems produce white sensation Unequal stimulation produce another color e.g.. yellow colour is perceived when red cone stimulated by 83%, green cone by 83%, and blue cone by 0%.

It is the ability to see an object with 2 eyes without double vision (diplopia). Requirements 1. The visual fields must overlap to a great extent 2. Intact neuromuscular apparatus to allow image to fall on the corresponding points

Requirements of binocular visionRequirements of binocular vision 3. A nearly normal refractive power in both eyes 4. Intact visual cortex where fusion of images occur

Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 1. It increases the visual field horizontally from 160 to 200 degrees

Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 2. It corrects the minor defects in one eye by the other eye e.g. blind spot of one eye is corrected by the other eye

Advantages of binocular visionAdvantages of binocular vision 3. It is important for stereoscopic vision 4. It improves the depth perception

It is the ability to known the relative distance of the objects from the eyes

1. The relative sizes of objects 2.The occlusion of part of a distant object by a nearer one. 3. The fade of the colours and details of distant objects 4.Parallel lines appear to converge with distance. 5. Movement parallax

Sudden jerky movement Smooth pursuit movement Postural (vestibular) movement Convergence movements Physiology of Special senses, Abdelaziz Hussein 22

Visual association area Frontal eye filed area Physiology of Special senses, Abdelaziz Hussein 23

Photoreceptors (rods and cones) → bipolar cells (1 st order neuron) → ganglion cells (2 nd order neuron) → their axons form the optic nerve → optic chiasma, where the nasal fibers cross to the opposite side while the temporal fibers pass in the same side optic tract (ipsilateral temporal fibers + contralateral nasal fibers of retina) → lateral geniculate body (3 rd order neuron) in thalamus optic radiation → visual cortex in the occipital lobe (1ry and 2ry visual areas).

Analysis of the visual image occurs early in the retina

They constitute direct pathway between photoreceptors and ganglion cells 2 types; 1.Depolarizing bipolar (on-bipolar) cells 2.Hyperpolarizing bipolar (off-bipolar) cells

Horizontal cellsHorizontal cells represent lateral inhibitory pathway in the retina Amacrine CellsAmacrine Cells help in the analysis of the visual signals before leaving retina

1.6 millions cells respond to stimulation by a full action potential i.e. depolarization 3 Types of Ganglion cells:

Functions of Ganglion CellsFunctions of Ganglion Cells 1.Detection of 2 point discrimination in the visual scene 2.Detection of the contrast in the visual scene 3.Detection of the movement and its orientation in the visual scene 4.Colour analysis

1.It plays a part in fusion of retinal images from the 2 eyes. 2.It plays a part in stereoscopic vision by comparing the visual images from both eyes and detection of minimal differences. 3.Magnocellular neurons are concerned with perception of white and black, shape and motion. 4.Parvocellular neurons are concerned with perception of color vision and accurate point-point spatial information.

Site Surrounds the calcarine fissure on the occipital lobe Representation of retina in area 17

1.Detection of lines and borders 2.Detection of the orientation of lines and borders 3.Analysis of colors 4.Fusion of the images from the 2 eyes 5.Perception of luministy

Site: Occipital lobe around 1ry visual area and extend to parietal & temporal lobes Areas 18 is called area V-2, more distant 2ry visual areas are assigned V-3,V-4 and so no.

Functions: Area 18 It is also known as visuopsychic area which is concerned with; a.Recognition the nature of the objects and correlates their colours b.Interpretation of visual sensations c.Localization of object in space i.e. depth perception Lesion Lesion → visual agnosia

Functions: Area 19 It is also known as the occipital eye field area. a.It shares area 18 its functions. b.It controls the different types of eyeball movements.

TEST YOURSELF 1. If the principal focal distance of a lens is 0.5 m, its refractive power is (A) 25 diopter s (B) 75 diopters (C) 1.0 diopter (D) 2 diopters (E) 10 diopters

TEST YOURSELF 2. Visual accommodation involves (A) increased tension on the lens ligaments (B) a decrease in the curvature of the lens (C) relaxation of the sphincter muscle of the iris (D) contraction of the ciliary muscle (E) increased intraocular pressure

5. The following events that occur in rods in response to light are listed in random sequence: 1. Activation of transducin 2. Decreased release of synaptic transmitter 3. Structural changes in rhodopsin 4. Closure of Na + channels 5. Decrease in intracellular cGMP What is the sequence in which they normally occur? (A) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 (B) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 (C) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 (D) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 (E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 TEST YOURSELF

THANKS