Lindsay

 Cells are best described and studied by Robert Hooke. When he studied the cells he used a early light microscope. Hooke looked at the dried cork under this microscope. After looking at hundreds of empty chamber like pictures, he named them calls. Cell Theory

  Cytology is the study of the structure and function of the cell.  There are two other ways cells are revealed than the one Hooke used. Another one is the transmission electron microscopy, in this particular scope electrons pass through a ultrathin section to strike a photographic plate. The last one is the scanning electron microscopy when electron bounce off exposed surfaces to create a SEM.

 Extracellular fluid Watery medium How a cell survives Physiological systems the cell membrane separates the cell membrane contents.

 Intracellular Fluid Also known as cytosol Dissolves nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products.

  Also known as the plasma membrane.  The cell membrane forms the otter boundary of the cell.  The layer is made up of the phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Cell Membrane

  The cell uses its environment in many ways, one is to obtain water and also nutrients from the environment.  Also the boundary or barrier from the cell and its environment its called the plasma membrane.  A plasma membrane, is the outer boundary of the cell. The Cell and its Environment

  Nonmembranous organelles are always in contact with the cytosol.  The cells Nonmembranous organelles are the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, and flagella, also the ribosomes. Nonmembranous Organelle

  This organelles are surrounded by a lipid membrane that create space between the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.  They are bound by units somewhat like the cell membrane. Membranous Organelles

  Cytoskeleton- Strength movement of cellular structures and materials.  Microvilli- absorption of extracellular materials  Centriole- Movement of chromosomes during cell division.  Cilia- Movement of materials over surface  Ribosome- Protein synthesis. Nonmembranous Organelles

  Mitochondria-produces about 95 percent of the energy needed to keep a cell alive  Nucleus- control of metabolism, storage and processing genetic information  Endoplasmic reticulum- secretory protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.  Golgi Apparatus- Storage, alteration, and packing of secretory products and lysosomes.  Lysosomes- Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens  Peroxisomes- Neutralization of toxic compounds Membranous Organelles

  The sun is the main component in giving the cell fuel to power all of their functions.  Cells also get energy and power from the mitochondria  Mitochondria- are small organelles that have an unusual double membrane.  Having both of these energizers that gives the cell all of its energy to fuel all of its functions. Cell Power

  y/cell/cell_game.htm y/cell/cell_game.htm Nucleus Game!

  The nucleus is the control center for the cell, most cells only have one nucleus.  The nucleus directs processes that take in the cytosol.  Also the nucleus takes in information about all of the conditions and activities from the cell. Nucleus

  Cellular reproduction is done by the process of cell division. They are six stages to the cell cycle.  The first step is the G1 phase this happens when the cell starts to divide  Second step is S phase this is when the cells DNA replicates, also the synthesis of histones.  Next is G2 is protein synthesis  From this point it turns into mitosis, which has 4 stages. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.  Cytokinesis- in a separate process from division of the genetic materials in mitosis. During this time, the two daughter cells are starting to be formed.  At the end of the cell life cycle, daughter cells are formed. They are each smaller to its parents but are two genetically identical daughter cells. Cell Life & Cycle

  The transmembrane potential is the characteristic of all living cells because it results from the active and passive properties of their cell membranes.  Although the transmembrane potential is not visible through a microscope, it is just as an important as any other structural characteristic or organelle.  Cell functions that involve the cell membrane involve the transmembrane potential. Also because the transmembrane can magnify a stimulus, it greatly increases the cells sensitivity to its environment.  The mechanisms that maintain the transmembrane potential is the ions that are rushed into or out of the cell, but it does not depend on the size or mature of the stimulus. Transmembrane Potential

  Most cells in the body are firmly attached to other cells or to extracellular protein fibers. The attached occur at the cell junctions that are not involved in membrane flow. There are four types of cell junctions-  Gap Junctions- are two cells are held together by an interlocking of membrane proteins.  Tight Junctions- there is a partial fusion of the lipid portions of the two cell membranes.  Intermediate Junctions- the opposing cell membranes, while remaining distinct, are held together by a thick layer of proteoglycan.  Desmosomes- there a very thin proteoglycan layer between the opposing cell membranes.