QUESTION OF THE DAY – 2/7/14 Grab 2 papers 1. Does this mineral have fracture or cleavage? A. Fracture B. Cleavage 2. Does this mineral have metallic or non-metallic luster? A. Metallic B. Non-metallic

WHAT ARE SOME MINERALS YOU KNOW OF OR USE? QUESTION OF THE DAY

GEOLOGY UNIT CHAPTER 4 - MINERALS

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LEARNING TARGETS You will understand the characteristics of minerals. You will be able to pick out things from your everyday lives that are made of minerals.

1. Which of the following is a reason why petroleum (like what gasoline is made from) is not a mineral? A. It is inorganicB. You can burn it B. It is organic C. It occurs naturally 2. Which of the choices below would define a mineral’s luster ? A. The kind of mark it leaves on a porcelain plate B. How it feels – soapy, smooth, rough, greasy, etc C. How easily the mineral can be scratched D. How well it reflects light QUESTION OF THE DAY – 2/6/14

WHAT IS A MINERAL? Earth’s crust is composed of 99% minerals These are all made from different combinations of the same 8 elements. Building Blocks of all Rocks A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure Exp of minerals: diamonds, rubies, sapphires

MINERAL DEFINITION Naturally occurring and inorganic Minerals are formed by natural processes Inorganic means minerals are not a living organism Solids with specific compositions Most minerals are made of compounds Definite crystalline structure The atoms in minerals are arranged in regular geometric patterns

PRODUCTS THAT ARE MADE FROM MINERALS; COPPER, IRON, MAKE-UP, COMPUTER CHIPS, CARS, CELL PHONES, ETC.

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MINERAL IDENTIFICATION

COLOR Color is sometimes caused by trace elements or compounds within an element Exp: Quartz comes in many colors Color is one of the least reliable methods to mineral identity.

LUSTER The way a mineral reflects light from it’s surface is luster Luster is described as metallic or nonmetallic Differences in luster are caused by difference in chemical composition

TEXTURE Texture describes how a mineral feels The texture might be described as smooth, rough, ragged, greasy, soapy, or glassy

STREAK A mineral rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate will sometimes leave a powder streak on the surface Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered There are times when the streak of a mineral does not match its external color

QUESTION OF THE DAY – 2/10/14 Find your paper from Friday!!!! 1. What is the least reliable property to identify a mineral? A. HardnessB. Streak Color C. Color D. Luster 2. A mineral’s streak color will always match its visible color. A. True B. False 3.Earth’s crust is composed of ______ minerals. A. 50%B. 75% C. 99% D. 100%

HARDNESS This is one of the most useful tests in identifying a mineral Hardness is a measure of how hard a mineral can be scratched There is a Moh’s Hardness Scale that is used with this test Hardness is one the most reliable tests if mineral ID It is determined by the arrangement of mineral’s atoms

CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Atomic arrangements also determine how a mineral will break Minerals break where atomic bonding is weak A mineral that splits relatively easily end evenly along one or more flat planes to have cleavage Minerals that break rough or jagged edges are said to have fractures

QUESTION OF THE DAY WHAT ARE THE 6 PROPERTIES SCIENTISTS USE TO IDENTIFY MINERALS?

MINERALS FORM FROM MAGMA Minerals can form from the cooling of magma Magma is the molten material found beneath Earth’s surface If the magma has more time to cool the atoms have time to arrange themselves, which results in a larger crystal If the magma cools off more rapidly the crystals will be smaller

MINERALS FROM SOLUTION A certain amount of water can only dissolve so much of a solid before the water becomes saturated In nature, if a solution becomes supersaturated, or overfilled, mineral crystals begin to form

LEARNING TARGETS You will understand when a mineral can be considered an ore. You will understand what a gem is. You will assess you understanding of minerals.

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MINERAL USES Ores A mineral that contains a valuable substance that can be mined at a profit. Not all minerals are ores. Based upon mining costs. Based upon supply and demand. Gems A rare, precious, highly prized material that can be cut, polished, and used for jewelry.

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CRYSTAL A crystal is an organized grouping of atoms, or molecules. Each crystal for each mineral has different properties and shapes.

HOW CRYSTALS GROW Crystals grow into specific shapes atoms or molecules join together in a pattern that repeats itself over and over to create a certain shape. A crystal grows by adding atoms or molecules to all its sides in the exact same pattern as the atoms and molecules that were added before. Because each different crystal is made up of a different building block (atom or molecule) they each have a different structure or shape.

CRYSTAL WORDS TO KNOW Saturated solution = the maximum amount of a solid has been dissolved without boiling Super‐Saturated solution = has been heated to boiling in order to allow more solid to be dissolved. Solute = a solid substance that is dissolved into a liquid e.g. sugar Solvent = the liquid in which a solute (solid) is dissolved e.g. water

Sugar crystals are oblong and slanted at the ends; salt crystals are cubic. LAB FINDINGS

HOW CRYSTALS FORM Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms both share a pair of electrons in an ionic bond. While in solution, the Na and Cl are separated by water molecules (H20). As the water evaporates from the solution, the Na and Cl atoms begin to bond together, first as single molecules and then the molecules bond together, forming crystals. Every molecule will form the same shape crystal each time it forms. The crystal shape for salt is a cube like a six-sided die.

WHILE YOU ARE WAITING 1). Write down the title. 2). Copy down the purpose statements. 3). Create a drawing prediction of what you believe your egg geode will end up looking like. 4). Create a data table capable of holding 2 weeks worth of observations. DayObservation Drawing 0 What do you see happening. Draw a picture of what you see. 1 2

QUESTION OF THE DAY HOW ARE CRYSTALS FORMED?

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LEARNING TARGETS You will understand how scientists find and identify minerals. You will practice mineral identification skills.