Silicates SiO n silicon oxide  1/3 of all minerals are silicates  about 95% of the Earth’s crust is composed of silicates.

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Presentation transcript:

Silicates SiO n silicon oxide  1/3 of all minerals are silicates  about 95% of the Earth’s crust is composed of silicates

Earth’s Crust Chemical Composition ELEMENTWEIGHT% O (oxygen) 47 Si (silicon) 28 Aluminum 8 Fe (iron) 5 Ca (calcium) 4 Na (sodium) 3 K (potassium)3 Mg (magnesium) 2 Total 98.5%

Average Mineral Crustal Composition Mineral Weight% feldspar * 66 * quartz * 10 * magnetite/hematite 6 Ferromagnesium minerals * (olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite) 15 * Total 97 *silicate

Other important minerals muscovite (mica) gypsum clays halite calcite dolomite

MINERAL IDENTIFICATION Primarily based on physical properties.

The properties of each mineral are determined by: chemical elements present arrangement of elements in the mineral structure

 Streak (scratchability) Color of powdered mineral

Specific gravity Au gold PbS galena Density - mass/volume Specific gravity - mass of sample / mass of equal volume of water

Cleavage planar surfaces caused by breaks along planes of weakness in atomic structure. Number of directions and angle important.

Cleavage

cleavage

Cleavage

 Fracture Irregular surfaces caused by breaks

 Crystal form External morphology due to atomic structure. Quartz and corundum have 6 crystal faces.

Luster The way in which light is reflected, e.g., metallic, glassy

 Color Poor except for metallics and silicate varieties

Hardness Mohs Hardness Scale 1. Talc 2. Gypsum 2.5finger nail 3.5penny 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 5.0 nail glass and knife blade

6. Orthoclase (feldspar) 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundun 10. Diamond

Striations odor magnetic Double Refraction

Mineral Resources Ore -- mineral that can be mined for a profit Gangue--worthless minerals in an ore body

examples of ores Ag silver Au gold Copper sulfides (covellite) Feoxides (hematite) PbS lead sulfide (galena) The U.S.A imports about 80% of the most used 16 metals!