WHAT IS HEART DISEASE? A general term that covers a number of diseases which affect the heart, including coronary artery disease, heart- failure and angina.

UNDERSTANDING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular system includes: the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins The heart Muscular, four chambered pump Contracts 100,000 times per day Two upper chambers: atria Two lower chambers: ventricles Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves

HEART FUNCTION Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium From the right atrium blood moves to the right ventricle, pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs Oxygen blood enters the left atrium Blood from the left atrium is forced into the left ventricle The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to various parts of the body

ANATOMY OF THE HEART

TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease (CHD) Chest pain (angina pectoris) Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Congenital and rheumatic heart disease Stroke

RISK FACTORS  Hypertension  Hypercholesterolemia  diabetes  obesity  high dietary salt  alcohol and cigarette consumption  insufficient physical activities and stress

GOOD VS. BAD CHOLESTEROL LDL is known as bad cholesterol. It has a tendency to increase risk of CHD. LDL’s are a major component of the atherosclerotic plaque that clogs arteries. Levels should be <130

HDL is known as the good cholesterol. It helps carry some of the bad cholesterol out of the body. It does not have the tendency to clog arteries. Levels should be >35. GOOD VS. BAD CHOLESTEROL

REDUCING YOUR RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Risk factors you can control Avoid tobacco Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol Maintain a healthy weight Modify dietary habits Exercise regularly Control diabetes Control blood pressure Systolic – upper number Diastolic – lower number Manage stress

REDUCING YOUR RISK FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Risk factors you cannot control Heredity Age Gender Race

CORONARY HEART DISEASE Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.atherosclerosis Occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked. Partially blocked it causes angina. Fully blocked it causes a myocardial infarction or a heart attack!

If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, angina or a heart attack (MI) can occur.anginaheart attack Over time, CHD can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure and arrhythmias.heart failurearrhythmias Heart failure is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.

COMMON BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS

Thrombus – blood clot Embolus – free flowing clot Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions that cause temporary impairment

ARRYTHMIAS An irregularity in heart rhythm Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or anxiety Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation

CONGENITAL AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects connective tissue

ANGINA PECTORIS Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion. A heart attack occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick treatment, a heart attack can lead to serious health problems or death.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR ANGINA 1- EKG(Electrocardiogram) 2- Stress testing 3- Chest X-ray 4- Computed Tomography Angiography 5- Blood Tests Blood testsBlood tests check the levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar, and proteins in your blood. Abnormal levels may show that you have risk factors for CHD. Your doctor may recommend a blood test to check the level of a protein called C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. Some studies suggest that high levels of CRP in the blood may increase the risk for CHD and heart attack.

STROKE Common Stroke Warning Signs and Symptoms Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg— especially on one side of the body. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination. Sudden severe headache with no known cause.

HYPERTENSION High blood pressure has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. High blood pressure raises your risk for heart disease and stroke,heart diseasestroke High blood pressure is called the "silent killer" because it often has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. Rarely, high blood pressure can cause symptoms like headaches or vomiting.

CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS Aspirin: inhibits platelet aggregation. used in low dose for secondary prevention following MI, stroke, angina Beta-blockers: used in angina, hypertension, post MI Diuretics: used in hypertension and heart failure(loop diuretics) Vasodilators: used in heart failure, ischemic heart disease and hypertension