1 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Particle air pollution monitoring with nuclear analytical techniques: challenges and opportunities Dieter Schwela, Christine Nelima Okhoya, Andrzej Markowicz, Flora L. Santos

2 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Sequence of events that occur during the most common type of nuclear reaction used for neutron activation analysis

3 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI NAA arrangement Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute

4 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI NAA is applied e.g. in the fields of: Environmental sciences Materials research Biology, medicine geochemistry, archeology For the certification of standard reference materials (SRM), As a reference method for other analytical procedures.

5 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Irradiation Time: 1 min Measurement Time: 7 min Decay Time: 3 min γ-spectrum of an aerosol filter with NAA

6 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI SourceElements Soil, flying ashAl, Ba, Ca, Ce, Ey, Fe, Ga, Hf, La, Mg, Sc, Sm, Th, Ti, V Refuse incineration As, Cs, I, K, Rb, Sb, Se, Zn Motor Vehicles and Coal Burning As, Br, Co, Ga, Sb, Se, U, V, W SeasprayCl, Na Sources of APM pollution in Beijing as identified by NAA

7 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI SourceElements Vehicular EmissionsBr, Zn Coal BurningSe Industrial processesCe, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb Road dustAl, Ti, V Soil dustFe, Th Biomass burningK Marine aerosolsNa, Cl Mineral fly ashSc, La Sources of PM pollution in Vietnam as identified by NAA

8 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI The principle of XRF and the typical XRF detection arrangement

9 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI XRF spectrometer PNRI, Philippines

10 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Source apportionment of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter in Metro Manila (XRF)

11 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Ion beam analysis methods

12 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Ion beam analysis

13 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Ion Beam Techniques of Analysis PIXE- X-rays, Al to Pb PIGE –  -rays, F, Na, Al.. PESA – Particle Elastic Scattering, H RBS – Rutherford Backscatter, C, N, O Generally analysed for over 20 elements using these 4 techniques simultaneously. Multi-elemental analysis ideal for Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF), Source fingerprinting and apportionment

14 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Spectra of the IBA Techniques PIXE

15 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Source apportionment of coarse and fine particulate matter from an urban site in the Wellington region (IBA)

16 JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMISSION IAEAPNRI Conclusions NATs (NAA, XRF, IBA) are reliable and precise analytical techniques for the determination of multiple elements Various types of sources of particulate air pollutants are characterized by the elemental composition of the particles Knowledge of the elements in particles allows the identification of the origin of the particles Quantitative apportionment of the existing types of sources Relatively high costs of the nuclear analytical instrumentation NATs can also be used in other fields of environmental management and material testing.