 War of League of Augsburg – (King William’s) – reestablished balance of power GB & FRf  War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s ) - GB gets Nova Scotia  Paid for war by borrowing – paid back to co. over long period of time – Debts grew large, taxes increased  Country or “Real Whig” ideology – threats standing army & increase property tax to landholders rights to consent to taxes – born out of national interest & patriotism

 Because of their location Iroquois aligned with GB – did not protect them from FR  Grand Settlement of 1701 – Iroquois remain neutral – play both sides of fence and be a geographical buffer  Benefitted Europeans – GB negotiated for land on frontier belonged to Delawares & Susquehannocks  Also claimed land in ORV, blocked GB from coming over Appalachian – only reason still useful to FR until 1740’s

 1739/44-48 spread again to North America  NE chance to attack Canada – capture Louisbourg 1745 – control of St. Lawrence  NY continued to trade FR over Lake Champlain – GB had to give up Louisbourg for treaty – GB unhappy with role of NY – did not want this to happen again  FR suffered even worse – PA traders moving west & VA in ORV after 1748  FR built series of Ft’s Lake Erie to Pitt. – trapping Iroquois  Iroquois able to control NA in ORV – GB moving in and trading weakened them as well  1744 Treaty of Lancaster – trade rights to VA & dispute over how much – 1754 Lt. Col. GW sent out to protect VA interests

 1750 – France and GB chief rivals for empire  British and French were both interested in the Ohio River Valley  Had been fighting for power in Europe  Spilled over into America  British cleared land, grew crops

 1608 – Quebec 1 st permanent settlement – Samuel de Champlain  By 1754 New France had grown to 70,000 including entire Miss. Valley (1 million for GB)  Mostly fur traders & catholic priests neither look to settle  Friendlier relations with Natives – Huron's, Ottawa's, Ojibwa’s – led to military alliances

 1754 – rivalry re-ignited – French built Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburg) British had given 200,000 acres wealthy farmers – GB sends militia to evict French  Lt. Gov. of VA Dinwiddie called upon George Washington, an officer in the Virginia militia, to raise a force against the French  George Washington (22 year old officer) – set up Ft. Necessity (40 miles) – battled French and forced Washington to surrender  1 st Battle of French and Indian War

 Drafted the Albany Plan of Union  Developed by a committee led by Benjamin Franklin  Proposed that the colonies unite to form a central government vs. French and Indians  Was approved by the delegates; rejected by the colonial legislatures

 ( 1755) British commander-in-chief General Edward Braddock arrived in Virginia with troops  Joined with local militia GW served as his aide  Together, they headed west, intending to attack Fort Duquesne  Just short of the Fort, Braddock’s troops were ambushed by French and Native American forces  Braddock was killed  Surprised British, many fled – Washington stayed and fought & organized a successful retreat  colonist began to questions British Army

 Ft. Necessity – GW surrenders  Battle of the Wilderness – Gen. Braddock and GB regulars defeat and Braddock mortally wounded  Gen. William Shirley & 2,500 recently recruited colonists reach Fort Oswego - attack Fort Niagara at the western end of the lake -mass desertions - abandon campaign  Fort Oswego - French forces, under the Gen. Montcalm capture Fort Oswego, strengthening French control over the Great Lakes.

 (1756) Fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe [Seven Year’s War]  The British still split their energy, time, and troops on North America & Europe William Pitt  (1757) William Pitt becomes prime minister of Britain  Believed that the entire British Empire was at stake.  Persuaded Parliament to raise taxes and borrow money to fight the war…it worked

The three main thrusts of British strategy are shown here.  In 1758, British forces struck in several directions  French strongholds in the West - Ft. Duquesne  Louisbourg in the East  Finally, in 1759, they attacked Quebec and Montreal.

 (1759) British fleet commanded by General James Wolfe sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec City  Wolfe took his troops up a steep cliff  Fought Montcalm, the French General  Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed  The British were victorious – Quebec surrendered

 The Treaty of Paris was drafted in 1763 to end the French and Indian and Seven Year’s Wars  France turned present-day Canada over to Britain  Surrendered its claim to all lands east of the Mississippi River.  Britain also returned Cuba to Spain in exchange for Florida.  Issue for Colonists?????

 Ottawa leader Pontiac recognized French loss bad for Native Americans  NA attack and capture 8 British Ft. – British give smallpox infected blankets – by 1765 sign treaties  British Govt’ issues the Proclamation of 1763 – banned settlement's W of Appalachian Mts.  Issue for Colonists????

 The French and Indian War & Proclamation seriously strained relations between the British and the American colonists.  Mass – British tensions over smuggling and searching homes  British thought that the colonists did not provide enough support for the long and costly war that Britain had fought to protect them.  Left Standing Army in the colonies (10,000)  George Grenville – 1763 new PM  Passed Sugar Act 1764 – lower tax on Molasses, duties on imports – Smuggling trials in more serious courts  The American colonists were shocked by the weakness of British military tactics.  Issue for colonists???