The World of Music 7 th edition Part 4 Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 11: Music of the Classic Period ( )

Classic Period: Age of Reason Emotional Restraint Balance Clarity Symmetry Clear/Precise Formal Structure Simplicity

Classic Period Musical Characteristics Melody is Prime Concern –Homophonic Texture –Stepwise (Scalar) Melodies –Tonal and Diatonic Obvious Cadences Rhythm –Uncomplicated –Predictable Decline/Disuse of Continuo and “Realized” Harmonies

Instrumental Ensembles Standard Orchestra –Violin I and II –Violas –Cellos –Double Basses –Flute I and II –Clarinet I and II –Oboe I and II –Bassoon I and II –Trumpets –Horns –Timpani String Quartet –Violin I and II –Viola –Cello Piano Trio –Violin –Cello –Piano Piano Quintet –String Quartet –Piano

Multimovement Works Sonata (4) Symphony (4) Concerto (3) Chamber Music Typical Movements –I Fast: Sonata Form –II Slow: ABA or Theme and Variations Form –III Dance: Minuet (or Scherzo) and Trio –IV Fast: Rondo or Sonata Form

Opera in the Classic Period Ongoing Music Continuous Drama Recitative/Aria Accompaniment –More Complex –Enhanced the Voice –No Longer Totally Subservient

Sonata Form Exposition –Primary Theme in Tonic Key –Secondary Theme in Contrasting Key Development –Composer’s Playground –Develops Themes from Exposition Recapitulation –Primary Theme in Tonic Key –Secondary Theme in TONIC Key

Theme and Variations Form Begins with a Theme Continues with Variations of Same Theme –Tempo –Dynamics –Articulations –Tonality –Mode –Instrumentation –Texture

Minuet and Trio Form Stately Dance From Baroque Period ABA Form –Minuet –Trio –Minuet Many Parts of Each Section are Repeated

Rondo Form Begins with Ritornello (Returning) Theme Ritornello Alternates with Contrasting Themes –Melody –Mood –Tonality Common Structures –ABACA –ABACABA –ABACADA

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 – 1809) Austrian Logical Coherent Music (Predictable) Served 30 Years with Prince of Austria (Prince Estherhazy) ( ) Afterwards, traveled to London and Vienna (Where he had tea w/Wolfie) prior to checking out… Output –104 Symphonies A few were named by others, not Haydn –“London” Sym. #104 –“Surprise” Sym. #94 –“La Chasse” Sym.#72 –35 Concertos More famous = Trumpet –82 String Quartets –60 Piano Sonatas Cataloged by Anthony van Hoboken

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Austrian (Salzberg born) Child Prodigy –Started at age 5 –Father was Musician –Traveled Europe Sophisticated, Urbane Music Musical Nemesis?? = Antonio Salieri, an Italian who worked in Vienna about the same time as Mozart His story is told in Play and Movie Amadeus with a few dramatic modifications (“Too many notes!”) His work was catalogues by Ludwig Von Kochel (K. …) Output (Partial list) –Many Concertos 25 Piano 7 Violin Various Other Instruments –Clarinet, Horn (4), Bassoon –23 String Quartets –17 Piano Sonatas –23 Operas The Magic Flute The Marriage of Figaro Don Giovanni –Masses and a Requiem Composed just prior to his own death..unfinished by Wolfie, but completed by his colleague,not student, Franz Xavier Sussmeyer (to what extent is debatable) –41 Symphonies –Instrumental works (Divertimenti, Serenades, Dances, etc.)

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827) Transitional Composer (to Romantic Period) Three Periods –Early Education Formative –Middle Prolific More Classic Works –Late Fewer Works Predicted Romantic Style Lost hearing during this period Did not seek Court employment as others of this time Output –9 Symphonies –5 Piano Concertos –1 Violin Concerto –32 Piano Sonatas –16 String Quartets –9 Piano Trios –Many Concert Overtures –1 Opera (Fidelio) Immortal Beloved and Beethoven Lives Upstairs recent movies of Beethoven’s life