Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The West: Exploiting An Empire 17

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beyond the Frontier 1840: Settlement to Missouri timber country Eastern Plains have rich soil, good rainfall High Plains, Rockies semi-arid Most pre-Civil War settlers head directly for Pacific Coast

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Physiographic Map of the U.S.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Broken Promises American Indians, during the post Civil War era are: Pressured by encroaching settlers, loss of land, decline in game Broken treaties and corrupt govt. Indian Agents  armed struggle and conflict

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Native-American reservations were almost invariably located on poor-quality lands. Consequently, when the Dawes Severalty Act broke up the reservations into 160-acre farming tracts, many of the semiarid divisions would not support cultivation. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands : Indian Wars 1864: Chivington’s militia massacre 400+ women and children at Sand Creek, CO 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed Bozeman, MT 1868: Fort Laramie Treaty, govt. abandon’s Bozeman Trail 1874: Col. Custer creates gold rush to Black Hills, SD, sacred to Sioux. Sitting Bull destroys Custer’s command at Little Big Horn 1877: Nez Perce lands appropriated for gold. Nez Perce flee on 1700 mile trek to Canada. Stopped and sent to Kansas, where 40% died of disease : Geronimo leads last resistance of Apache in South West. NOTE: 20% of US troops were Buffalo Soldiers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Crushing the Native Americans 1867: 250,000 Indians in western U.S. – Displaced Eastern Indians – Native Plains Indians By the 1880s: – Most Indians on reservations – California Indians decimated by disease By the 1890s, Indian cultures crumble

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of the Plains Indians: Political Organization Plains Indians nomadic, hunt buffalo – Skilled horsemen – Tribes develop warrior class – Wars limited to skirmishes, “counting coups” Tribal bands governed by chief and council Loose organization confounds federal policy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of the Plains Indians: Social Organization Sexual division of labor –Men hunt, trade, supervise ceremonial activities, clear ground for planting –Women responsible for child rearing, art, camp work, gardening, food preparation Equal gender status common –Kinship often matrilineal –Women often manage family property

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy Trans-Mississippi West neglected Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 excludes any white from Indian country without a license Land regarded as Indian preserve

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native Americans in the West: Major Battles and Reservations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy After 1850, more whites in Indian country John Chivington and the Sand Creek massacre Sioux War of 1865–1867 and Fetterman Massacre

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy Debate over Indian policy –Humanitarians want to “civilize” Indians –Others want firm control and swift reprisal Humanitarians win with “small reservation” policy

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Civilizing” the Indians TERMS: ASSIMILATION & AMERICANIZATION (CONTRAST WITH SEGREGATION) EXAMPLE: 1879: Carlisle Indian School, - “Kill the Indian and Save the man” - separate children from tribes, educate in - English and white man’s ways - Jim Thorpe

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Final Battles on the Plains Small reservation policy fails – Young warriors refuse restraint – White settlers encroach on Indian lands Final series of wars suppress Indians – 1876, Little Big Horn: Sioux defeat Custer – Most battles result in Indian defeat, massacre – 1890, Wounded Knee: Massacre to suppress “Ghost Dances”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The End of Tribal Life 1887: Dawes Severalty Act – Destroys communal ownership of Indian land – Gives small farms to each head of a family – Indians who leave tribes become U.S. citizens Near-extermination of buffalo deals devastating blow to Plains Indians

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: The Oklahoma Land Rush, The Oklahoma Land Rush, Lands in Oklahoma not settled by "Sooners" were sold by lotteries, allotments, and sealed-bid auctions. By 1907 the major reservations had been broken up, and each Native American family had been given a small farm. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. What were “boomers” & “sooners”?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 1887 Dawes Severalty Act  Forced Assimilation GOAL: Reward good behavior with land & citizenship DETAILS: 160 acres per individual, title and citizenship in 25 years IF good behavior. (Citizenship not actually granted until 1924) IMMEDIATE EFFECT: Destroys tribal organization/power Native American tribes loose 50% of reservation lands – principally to whom? LONG TERM EFFECT: Indian population slowly rises after 1890’s.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 1890: Battle of Wounded Knee GHOST DANCE: “The whole world is coming, A nation is coming, a nation is coming, The eagle has brought the message to the tribe. The Father says so, the Father says so. Over the whole earth they are coming, The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, The crow has brought the message to the tribe, The Father says so, the Father says so.” MASSACRE: Federal Cavalry kills over 300 NOTE!! NAIM at Smithsonian holds evidence from massacre.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Settlement of the West Unprecedented settlement 1870–1900 Most move west in periods of prosperity Rising population drives demand for Western goods

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Federal Incentives 1860–1900: Federal land grants –48 million acres granted under Homestead Act –100 million acres sold to private individuals, corporations –128 million acres granted to railroad companies

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Federal Incentives Congress offers incentives to development –Timber Culture Act of 1873 –Desert Land Act of 1877 –Timber and Stone Act of 1878

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Speculators and Railroads Most land acquired by wealthy investors Speculators send agents to stake out best land for high prices –River bottoms –Irrigable areas –Control of water Railroads settle grants with immigrants

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Water and Development Water scarcity limits Western growth –Much of the West receives less than 20 inches of rainfall annually –People speculate in water as in gold 1902: Newlands Act sets aside federal money for irrigation projects

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Territorial Government Western territorial officials appointed Territorial patronage systems persist Some Westerners make livings as Congressmen Territorial experience produces unique Western political culture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Spanish-Speaking Southwest Spanish-speakers of the Southwest contribute to culture, institutions – Irrigation – Stock management – Weaving – Natural resource management Spanish-Mexican Californians lose lands after 1860s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Bonanza West Quest to “get rich quick” produces: – Uneven growth – Boom-and-bust economic cycles – Wasted resources – “Instant cities” like San Francisco Institutions based on bonanza mentality

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Mining Bonanza Mining first attraction to the west Mining frontier moves from west to east – Individual prospectors remove surface gold – Big corporations move in with the heavy, expensive mining equipment 1874–1876: Black Hills rush overruns Sioux hunting grounds

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Railroads were the means to expand western settlement, mining provided the motive for many to move west. Migration happened in “boom” and “bust” cycles: 1849 –California 1858/59–Colorado 1859 –Nevada’s Comstock Lode – Klondike/Yukon Gold Rush NOTE: Women followed the men and earned the right to vote out West first: 1869–Wyoming, 1870–Utah, 1893-Colorado, 1896-Idaho

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Regions of the West

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Men and Women on the Overland Trail California Gold Rush begins Great Migration Settlers start from St. Louis, Missouri, in April to get through Rockies before snow Pacific trek takes at least 6 months

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Camp Life Camps sprout with each first strike Camps governed by simple democracy Men outnumber women two to one Most men, some women work claims Most women earn wages as cooks, housekeepers, and seamstresses

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Ethnic Hostility 25–50% of camp citizens were foreign- born French, Latin Americans, Chinese hated 1850: California Foreign Miner’s Tax drives foreigners out 1882: Federal Chinese Exclusion Act suspends Chinese immigration for 10 years

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Effects of the Mining Boom Contributed millions to economy Helped finance Civil War, industrialization Relative value of silver and gold change Early statehood for Nevada, Idaho, Montana Invaded Indian reservations Scarred, polluted environment Ghost towns

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold miners with sluice, c At first, gold miners worked individually, each with a shovel and pan. By the 1850s devices like the one shown here, a "long tom," were making mining a cooperative venture. Miners shoveled clay, dirt, and stone into a long and narrow box, hosed in water at one end, stirred the mixture, and waited for the finer gravel, which might include gold, to fall through small holes and lodge under the box. (The Hallmark Photographic Collection, Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri) Gold miners with sluice, c Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, The West was not settled by a movement of peoples gradually creeping westward from the East. Rather, settlers first occupied California and the Midwest and then filled up the nation's vast interior. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Map: Mining and Cattle Frontiers, Mining and Cattle Frontiers, The western mining and ranching bonanzas lured thousands of Americans hoping to get rich quick. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza The Far West ideal for cattle grazing Cattle drives take herds to rail heads Trains take herds to Chicago for processing Profits enormous for large ranchers Cowboys work long hours for little pay Cowboys self-governing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beef Bonanzas Ranchers CANNOT flourish without railroads. Railroads provide means to bring cattle to market. Meatpacking Industry created. Swift and Armour devise means to can meat. Kansas City and Chicago become nation’s abattoirs. “Long Drive” and Age of Cowboys ends ( ) ironically, because of railroads. Farmers fence in the frontier.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Cattle Trails

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza By 1880, wheat farmers begin fencing range Mechanization modernizes ranching 1886: Harsh winter kills thousands of cattle Ranchers reduce herds, switch to sheep

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Roots of Populism

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza 1870–1890 farm population triples on plains African American “Exoduster” farmers migrate from the South to escape racism Water, building materials scarce Sod houses are common first dwelling

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Agricultural Land Use in the 1880s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Farming Methods Barbed wire allows fencing without wood Dry farming: Deeper tilling, use of mulch New strains of wheat resistant to frost 1885–1890: Drought ruins bonanza farms Small-scale, diversified farming adopted

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Homestead Act of acres for free IF: 1. improve the land 2. pay $30 3. live there for 5 years OR 1. live there for 6 months 2. pay $1.25 and acre 500,000 families attempted homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed. Corrupt corporations made biggest use of act for land-grabs. SIGNIFICANCE: Encouraged rapid migration and made land and farms possible for many Americans without wealth.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Homestead Act of 1862 CATALYST: Iron plow makes farming prairie possible RESULT: 500,000 families attempted homesteading, 2 out of 3 failed. CAUSE: DROUGHT - too many “sodbusters” attempt to farm west of 100 th meridian - 6 year drought in 1880’s  “dry farming” will lead to “Great Dustbowl” IRRIGATION eventually made settlement permanent. IRONY: Corrupt corporations made biggest use of Act.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Farm becomes Factory Self-sufficient farms give way to “cash- crop” farming Mechanization transforms farms into big business Farms must be thousands of acres to afford machinery costs Refrigerated rail car= last invention/revolution needed to connect all farms to national economy

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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Discontent on the Farm Farmers’ grievances: – Declining crop prices – Rising rail rates – Heavy mortgages The Grange becomes a political lobby Trans-Mississippi farmers become more commercial, scientific, productive

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Final Fling 1889: Oklahoma opened to white settlement Changing views of Far West – “Frontier thesis” treated West as cradle of individualism, innovation – New Western History sees West as arena of conflicting interests, erosion of environment

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Meaning of the West Historians differ in their interpretation of the American frontier experience –Frederick Jackson Turner –“New Western historians” The West was the first American empire and played a profound role in shaping American customs and character

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands THE END OF THE TRAIL 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor, and Ramona in What was her argument? Its effect? 1890 – “Battle” of Wounded Knee What did the US Census Bureau discover? 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner writes “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” (p. 621) What is his thesis? Is it valid? What are the counter-arguments?

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," 1893 Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West....The frontier is the line of the most rapid and effective Americanization....The frontier promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people....The legislation which most developed the powers of the national government, and played the largest part in its activity, was conditioned on the frontier....The pioneer needed the goods of the coast, and so the grand series of internal improvements and railroad legislation began, with potent nationalizing effects....But the most important effect of the frontier has been the promotion of democracy here and in Europe. As has been indicated, the frontier is productive of individualism....It produces antipathy to control, and particularly to any direct control....The frontier states that came into the Union in the first quarter of a century of its existence came in with democratic suffrage provisions, and had reactive effects of the highest importance upon the older states.... To the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients....What the Mediterranean Sea was to the Greeks, breaking the bond of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, that, and more, the ever retreating frontier has been to the United States directly, and to the nations of Europe more remotely. And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 1890: Closing of the West Oklahoma, 1889 = last “land grab” of “free land” (land that had been Indian Territory) By 1890, no “frontier” exists. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893 DISCUSSION: Facts, Truths, Myths Was the West a land of opportunity? When was the West a land of opportunity? Who won the West, really? What about the “safety-valve” argument?