North Africa

Roots of civilization A. Egypt blossoms along the Nile -Egypt couldn’t exist w/o the Nile -living in farm villages near Nile since 3300b.c. -God-kings known as Pharaohs used to rule Egypt -Egypt was first to incorporate geometry into farming and education B. Islam in North Africa -Islam is the dominant religion in North Africa -Ethnic conflicts exist between Islam's and Christians in North Africa

Economics of Oil A. Black Gold Algeria, oil is the main source of revenue Algeria supplies European Union w/ most of its oil Oil also causes problems in Libya with its labor force

Culture of Market and Music A. North Africa Souks -Souks--- African marketplaces -Souks are extremely common -medina---old section -Bargaining takes place in Souks B. Protest Music -Algeria Rai --- a kind of music developed by poor children in 1920’s -Algeria used Rai to communicate resentment towards French colonizers - Rai is now used as a form of rebellion against Islamic Fundamentalists

Changing Roles of Women A. Women and the Family -males are center of household -women's don’t hold jobs after they marry -polygamy has been abolished in Tunisia -Tunisia disallows preteen marriages, spousal abuse, -Divorce is legal in Tunisia -Women in North Africa have professional jobs -Women manage 9% of business in Tunisia

The Arabian Peninsula Sub Regions are: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Untied Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen Pages 503-507

Islam Changes Desert Culture Bedouins, nomadic desert dwellers moved around the peninsula, oasis to oasis and that’s how they adapted to the harsh climate in the desert. There used to be fighting between families and clans for good pasture land for their livestock. Then, a new religion began to spread-the religion of Islam. Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad. The new religion untied the people in the Arabian Peninsula in ways that never happened before in the past. 1) The Arabian Peninsula is the in the middle of three continents. They are Africa, Europe, and Asia.

The Five Pillar Islam required the Five Pillars or The Five Duties. They are…. Faith: All believers must bear witness that “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.” Prayer: Muslims face the Ka’aba in Mecca to pray five times a day or they can pray at a Mosque (a place of worship) Charity: Muslims believe to give charity to the less fortunate. Fasting : Muslim don’t eat or drink from Dawn to Sunset during the month of Ramadan. Pilgrimage: Muslim are supposed to make Hajj (Pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in there life time if they are able to. By performing the Five Pillars changes the religion to Muslim, a similar religion.

This is a picture of Mecca when Muslim are praying on Eid Al Adha. Eid Al Adha is a religious holiday when Muslims go to Hajj. There is an estimate of 2.5 million Muslims go to Hajj every year on Eid Al Adha Pilgrimage (Hajj)

Government Changes Hands The government ruled by the Muslims were called Theocratic-religious leader that control the government. After World War I, a lot of Southwest Asia was controlled by France and Britain. After a while, only apart of the Arabian Peninsula was colonized by a rising power of Abdul Al Aziz Ibn Saud. In the present day the Descendants of Abdul Al Aziz Ibn Saud, the Saud family rule the area now called Saudi Arabia since 1932. Around the end of the 1600s, leaders of the Muslim nations were weak and other countries like France and Britain were becoming strong. They established empire all around the world. He build up power and ruled most of the Arabian Peninsula in the name of the Saud Family but at the end of the 1920s only small other countries and a portion of Yemen on the Arabian Gulf and Yemen was free from the Saud family’s control.

Oil Dominates The Economy The most important resource of the Arabian Peninsula is oil and it is most of there export and GDP from oil. Price are important. A group of oil producer made an organization called OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is powerful in the international trade for oil pricing. Other members in Southwest Asia are Qatar, Untied Arab Emirates, Iran, and Iraq.

Modern Arabic Life The change of the Nation caused the economy to be more urbanized. More and more people moved in the city. The education system upgraded to the technological age. Even though there was a lot of changes most of the Muslim culture stayed the same. They are the five Duties. Muslim culture is the same in the southwest of Asia as the Arabian Peninsula. There were a big change at the Arabian Peninsula during the 20 century. In the 1960 it was 25 %, 1990 it was 58 % of the city is urbanized. The population is 85% of urbanized.

The Eastern Mediterranean Sub regions: Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan

Jewish Presence Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were the three major monotheistic religions that were founded in Southwest Asia. The Jews had two main temples, the first one their King Solomon built, and after they all returned home in 538 B.C. the second one was built. The Western Wall, also identified as the Wailing Wall is where the modern Jews came to pray, but was the last remaining piece of the second temple.

Christian Heritage Islamic Sacred Sites Jerusalem, at first was under Muslim control, then the Christians started over – powering them, but then after a while Muslims eventually regained control up until 1948 in May. The Muslims believe that the Dome of the Rock is where Prophet Muhammad rose to heaven. Since the Western Wall and the Dome of the Rock are so close together, it causes the Jews and Muslims to clash.

The Western Wall

A History of Unrest The Legacy of Colonialism The Ottoman Empire ruled the Eastern Mediterranean during 1520 up until 1922, then they became weak and unable to solve group problems that wanted independence. The collapse of this empire was coming, and during World War I they sided with Germany, but after the war the Ottoman Empire fell apart. After the war France took half the Ottoman Empire, Lebanon and Syria, while Britain had the other half including Jordan and Israel. Due to French rule, the Syrians hated the French because of the religious groups they made. Syria became independent in 1946, while Lebanon was already independent in 1943.

British Control Palestine Creating the State of Israel Zionism was a movement meant to create and support a Jewish homeland in Palestine. In order for the Jews to escape persecution in Germany, they all started to immigrate into Palestine, which the British allowed. The United Nations, in 1947 decided to divide Palestine into two states, for Jews and Arabs. The Arabs didn’t want this so they made war with the Jews, and after the war in 1950, Israel became an established nation. Palestine Arabs formed the Palestine Liberation Organization to regain their land.

Cyprus

Modernizing Economies Refugees and Civil Wars World War II ended good for the Eastern Mediterranean sub regions because most of them became independent in 1960 from Britain. Palestinian refugees struggle very much for food, shelter, and employment. Jordan has the largest population of Palestinian refugees and is also one of the poorest places in the region, which makes it difficult for the refugees to get an education. Lebanon and Cyprus are also having economic problems due to the civil wars they`ve had that lasted an entire year.

Modern Infrastructure Modern Life The Eastern Mediterranean nations have what it takes to develop trade, agriculture, and tourism; but they also need an in fracture that would support a economy that`ll grow. Areas where wars once were must be rebuilt, and they also need better power sources along with better communication systems. Traditions from a while back exist, but they have made changes; computers, cell phones, and Internet access are quite common now.

Eating Out, Eating In A Variety of Cultures Eastern Mediterranean restaurants are different from the U.S. , like the fact that they sometimes have different sections for men and women; and their last meal is usually around 8 and 11 p.m. Most meals are healthier than here, instead of beef they have chicken or lamb. Muslims and Christians mostly make up Lebanon, along with another religion called Druze that live in the mountains of Syria, Israel, and Lebanon. Israel has a huge variety of immigrants, but most are Jewish, coming from Ethiopia, Eastern Europe, U.S. , Russia, and the Mediterranean region. There are several different groups of Arab Muslims: Druze, Sunni, Circassia's, Bedouins, and a small amount of Christians.

Chapter 22, Section 3 Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey The Northeast Chapter 22, Section 3 Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey 23

Intro In the Northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula lie a unique blend of cultures. The main countries are Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. The area in which they are located are abundant with resources, such as coal, petroleum, and much more. 24

A Blend of Cultures There were many early civilizations that were developed in the area known as the Fertile Crescent. Nations such as Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria, and Chaldea all built their empires in Mesopotamia. Also, there are plenty of groups occupying the Northeastern Arab Peninsula, such as the Turks, Kurds, Persians, and Assyrians. The languages they speak include are Turkish, and Farsi. They are quite similar to Arabic. All groups follow the religion of Islam, but since there are two main groups, conflict still exists. Over 83% of all Muslims are Sunni, but most of Iran’s population is Shiite. 25

Clashes Over Land By World War 1, battles over this region began to become quite frequent. Some battles due to uneven distribution of land. The Kurds have always been at war with the Turkish government, because they promised the Kurds land, but they never received it. Quite like the case with the American government and the Native Americans. Turkey, Iran, and Iraq have prevented the Kurds from a being a nation-state. Because of Iran’s location, there have been many refugees fleeing oppressive governments. Iran has the highest population of refugees in the world. Between the 1980’s and the 1990’s Iran and Iraq fought a war over the oil fields. Later on Iraq invaded Quwait which led to the Persian Gulf War. The U.S. and 32 other nations fought to keep the oil fields open. 26

Clashes Over Leadership Ever since George W. Bush started the war on terrorism, the leadership in the Northeastern region of the Arabian peninsula became unstable. When troops were sent to Afghanistan to investigate the culprits of 9/11, due to security threats the U.S. declared war on Iraq. A fundamentalist political Muslim group called the Taliban were protecting Osama Bin Laden. In March 2002, the Taliban had been removed from power. After the Persian Gulf War, the United Nations ordered the destruction of all the weapons. However, Bush still believed that they were still there. Saddam was overthrown in 2003. 27

Reforming Economies Turkey and Iran are making progress towards democracy. Turkey is the only country that produces enough steel in the sub-region. Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. Most of the people there are engaged in farming and animal herding. When the U.S. led the war against the Taliban, the progress for democracy was interrupted many times. 28

Modern and Traditional Life In each country, a division exists for the people that want to move to the new era and those that stay. In Afghanistan, the Taliban enforced strict rules, but when the regime was toppled in 2001 Hamid Karzi began restoring order. There are many diverse views in politics in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey, but these groups have not been able to gain control. 29