Impressionism__________________

Impressionism_( )_______ The Impressionist style of painting developed in the late 19 th century in France. Earlier artistic movements, such as Realism, were influences.

The Académie__________________________ The Académie Suisse included such students as Pissarro, Monet, and Cézanne. Each year the Académie sponsored an exhibition where its members judged entries. It was the restrictive nature of the judges, preferring established "accepted art," that prompted Monet and some other painters to exhibit their works separately.

Impression: Sunrise_____________ This historic exhibition included Monet's famous Impression: Sunrise (1872), which is generally thought to have prompted the naming of the whole genre.

Le Salon des Réfusés____________ They were highly impressed by the works of Edouard Manet. They became outraged when they learned that he was refused for the 1863 Salon. The indignation was so high among the artistic population that Napoleon III allowed the opening of a “Salon des Refusés'', where Manet, Pissarro, etc. showed their works. Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe provoked a great enthusiasm among the young painters, who saw represented in Manet's painting many of their concerns.

Edouard Manet_________________ His work was modern in both its technique and its subject matter (part of the Realist school…) He was one of the first artists to begin to paint contemporary life. His work influenced the impressionists although he did not show with them. “Dejeuner sur l’herbe” caused a scandal as it challenged classical motifs. It was seen as voyeuristic and mildly pornographic.

Le Dejeuner sur L’herbe__________ Manet, Le Dejeuner sur L’herbe, Oil on canvas, Nude woman sitting with two clothed men Woman in background scantily clothed Contemporary look, direct gaze, and the fact that she resembled no pagan deity scandalized people.

Titian, Olympia/Venus of Urbino, oil on canvas, Manet, Olympia, 1863, oil on canvas, x 190 cm

The Impressionists______________ Associated with a spontaneous style of painting where the brushwork is often visible. They believed that paint could be mixed directly on the canvas, and not the palette to maintain “purity”. Artists wished to capture the visual impression made by a scene; they were not concerned with giving a factual report of it. Impressionism caused critical outrage as the artist paints what s/he perceives rather than a solid world.

Impressionism: characteristics___ The Impressionists focused on capturing the impression of a scene through effects produced by using light and color in various ways. Characterized by the use of unmixed (pure) primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light. Unconventional themes, usually drawn from nature or from urban scenes, rather than history, mythology or religion.

Claude Monet__________________ His interest lay in nature, movement and the fleeting natural effects of light. Monet’s few paintings of interiors and his images of city life are merely an excuse to study light in a different environment. He is best known for his series paintings, in which he explored particular subjects in differing light conditions at various times of day.

Monet, Rouen, 1880’s-90’s.

Monet, Water lilies, series made from late 1890’s- 1900’s.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir___________ favoured society portraits and pictures of the middle- classes at play (joyous people having fun). His works are characteristic of impressionism with his use of rapid brushstrokes, brilliant colours, and the optical effects of light. The Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1881 Oil on canvas x cm

Renoir, Moulin de la Galette,1876, oil on canvas, x cm

Mary Cassatt___________________ Created pictures of women, often with their children. The subjects of her works are limited to the private areas or domestic space or those belonging to polite society. She was largely responsible for introducing the impressionists to American collectors. Mary Cassatt, La Toilette, 1891, Oil on canvas, 39 1/2 x 26 in.

Edgar Degas__________________ Degas utilized modern motifs from the ballet, racetrack and brothel. Many of his works were offensive to the public. Compositionally, he created unusual viewpoints through asymmetry, eccentric cropping, and foreshortening. His concern for design and patterns gave his work an abstract quality.

Degas, The Tub,1886, oil on canvas.

Post-Impressionism__________

Came after Impressionism. These painters searched for more “formal” approaches to painting. A reaction to Impressionism, they explored a symbolic (or non-objective) use of strong colours rather than concerning itself with naturalism. Showed a greater concern for expression, structure, and form

Georges Seurat_____________ concentrated on the formal properties of colour by devising the technique known as “divisionism” or pointillism. This technique required the application of small dots of paint (representing the colour of light, the object, as well as complementaries), intended to mix in the eye of the viewer.

Georges Seurat, Sunday on the Island of La Grand Jatte, oil on canvas,

Vincent van Gogh____________ Worked with bold streaks of primary colours. He painted modern life in his images of rural labor, portraits of local personalities, self- portraits, sun-flowers, and others. Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear Oil on canvas.

Vincent van Gogh____________ A tragic life, recorded through his works. His stormy and dramatic life and his unswerving devotion to his ideals have made him one of the great cultural heroes of modern times, providing some dynamic material for movies, songs, etc. Failed as a preacher, tried to express in painting what he couldn’t in words. Café Terrace at Night, 1888, oil on canvas, 81 x 65 cm.

VAN GOGH’S COLOUR Expressive colour let him to an equally expressive brushstroke. The thickness, shape and direction of his brush strokes created a tactile counterpart to his intense colour schemes. He moved the brush back and forth at right angles or squeezed dots of colour directly on the canvas from the tube.

The Night Café in the Place Lamartine in Arles, 1888, Oil on canvas,

Starry Night, 1889, Oil on canvas, 72 x 92 cm.

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec____ His style was influenced by Japanese artists that were popular in Paris at the time. He spent a great deal of his time at cabarets, music halls and the circus. The simplicity of his forms, his decorative style, the unmodulated colour and his use of line give his work a graphic clarity that make him the first master of modern advertising.

Divan Japonais Litho poster, 31 5/8 x 23 7/8" Depicts the Divan Japonais (a cabaret in Montmarte) The owner commissioned this poster from Toulouse- Lautrec to attract customers to the opening of his nightclub. Notice the heavy outlines and cropped composition, reflecting the influence of photography and Japanese prints.

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec____ In At the Moulin Rouge, he focused on a group of friends and employees of Paris's most famous dance hall. The composition, with its oblique perspective, acid palette, bizarre artificial lighting, and masklike faces, is a haunting and unforgettable image of the dissolute Bohemian life of turn-of-the-century Paris.

At the Moulin Rouge, 1895, oil on canvas, 123 x 141 cm.

Paul Cezanne_______________ He reacted to the lack of structure in the Impressionists' paintings by developing a way of using color to render his images as compositions of planes. The Smoker, Oil on canvas; 92.5 x 73.5 cm.

Mont Sainte Victoire_________ It is one of his favorite subjects and he is known to have painted it over 60 times He was fascinated by the rugged architectural forms in the mountains of Provence and painted the same scene from many different angles. He would use bold blocks of color to achieve a new spatial effect known as “flat- depth'' to accommodate the unusual geological forms of the mountains.

Mont Sainte Victoire, , oil on canvas, 26 x 35 3/8”.

Paul Cezanne Because his efforts established the foundation of the modernist trend toward abstraction, Cézanne is widely known as the " Father of Modern Art." Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses, early 1890s, oil on canvas