Prof. Erik Lu

MORPHOLOGY GRAMMAR MORPHOLOGY

MORPHEMES BOUND FREE WORDS LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES (ADVERBS) PRONOUNS ARTICLES ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL allomorphs

Lexical words Have a lexical morpheme = ROOT Base = word capable of being transformed into another word Bases = stems + affix 1 root Stems 1 root + affixes

WORDS SIMPLE = 1 lexical morpheme COMPOUND = more than 1 lexical morpheme

Representations of Words I. Traditional hyphens Tree- s Mad-ness Un-luck - i ly Glo-al-iza-tion

II. Labelled Brackets Example : globalization Globe global globalize globalization (((( glob ) N al ) A iz) V ation) N

III.Tree diagrams N V Af A Af N Af globe al ize tion

WORD FORMATION DERIVATION COMPOUNDING AFFIXES PREFIXES SUFFIXES NOUN LEXICAL WORDS NOUN ADJECT ADEJCT

SUFFIXES Origin : Latin or derived from German Are added to lexical roots = stems Form new nouns, adjectives, and adverbs Noun Forming Suffixes Agentive (er,or,ar,ier,eer,yer,ster) Non agentive Abstract nouns endings :_

Latin origin suffixes:

Adjective forming suffixes Suffix Y Suffix ISH Suffix FUL Suffix LESS Suffix LIKE

Adjective with Latin suffixes Suffix OUS Ending IVE Ending BLE Ending IC Ending AL

Verb forming suffixes Suffix EN Ending IZE Suffix ATE Suffix ISH Ending FY Adverb forming Suffixes Suffix ly Ex.

Prefixes Origin : Saxon, Latin,Greek

Compounding Forming new words by combining two already existing ones NOUNS ADJECTIVES Components :

N D H steam boat

Phrases Complementary Phrases = NP PP Adj N P NP gold chain of gold

Adverbial Phrase – provides information about the verb VP VP V Adv P V PP adv p NP shouted joyfully shouted with joy

Sentences Essential elements of a sentence

SIMPLE SENTENCE

COMPOUND SENTENCE A

COMPLEX SENTENCE A

Relative clauses A. B. C. D. We use relative clauses to

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows: