Unit 6 Stress and Distress Recognizing Excessive Stress Stress Related Behaviors Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy Personal Stress Management Distress Signs of Distress Self-Rescue Observable Surface Problems Rescue Effecting a Rescue

Recognizing Excessive Stress Determining if you are under excessive stress: Feelings generated by excessive stress:

Stress Related Behaviors Gear-fumbling: Blabbering: Behavioral extremes: Obsessive behavior:

Helping Out a “Stressed- Out” Buddy If your buddy shows signs of stress: Learn to listen.

Personal Stress Management The best way to remove negative stress: If stress does start to build before a dive:

Distress When stress becomes distress:

Signs of Distress Distress is obvious and observable. Passive distress:

Self-Rescue You are your own best buddy. At the first hint of a problem:

Observable Surface Problems A person in distress at the surface is in obvious, easily recognizable trouble. The first task of the rescuer:

Underwater Signs of Distress/Impending Problems Bubbles: Buoyancy problems: Erratic, jerky movement: Trim problems: Gear rejection:

Rescue Is it safe to intervene?

Effecting a Rescue Scenario for an unconscious victim:

Stress and Distress End of Unit 6 Recognizing Excessive Stress Stress Related Behaviors Helping Out a “Stressed-Out” Buddy Personal Stress Management Distress Signs of Distress Self-Rescue Observable Surface Problems Rescue Effecting a Rescue

Unit 7 Dealing with Out of Air Situations Prevention is everything Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency Emergency swimming ascent Emergency buoyant ascent Extra air in an emergency Shared air ascents Mutual emergency planning Alternate second stage air sharing Redundant scuba ascent Buddy breathing Buddy breathing method Problems with sharing air

Prevention is Everything Monitoring your air: Air consumption rate:

Self-Rescue for an Out of Air Emergency Loss of buddy contact:

Emergency Swimming Ascent NAUI Worldwide recommends:

Emergency Buoyant Ascent From depths beyond meters ( feet):

Extra Air in an Emergency Redundant scuba systems: –Spare air –Pony bottles

Shared Air Ascents The concept of buddy pairs:

Mutual Emergency Planning All effective buddy briefings must include: Most emergency plans include: Type of equipment chosen:

Alternate Second Stage Air Sharing There is no “one correct method”. Octopus: BC-mounted integrated second stage:

Redundant Scuba Ascent When a needy diver signals that air is needed:

Buddy Breathing Once the standard for out of air emergencies.

Buddy Breathing Method When a needy diver signals that air is needed:

Problems with Sharing Air Physiological changes: Use the eyes as the mirrors of the problem:

Dealing with Out of Air Situations End of Unit 7 Prevention is everything Self-rescue for an out-of-air emergency Emergency swimming ascent Emergency buoyant ascent Extra air in an emergency Shared air ascents Mutual emergency planning Alternate second stage air sharing Redundant scuba ascent Buddy breathing Buddy breathing method Problems with sharing air

Unit 8 Underwater Rescue Responsibility vs. Duty Risk Assessment A Responsive Victim An Unresponsive Victim Underwater Panic Warning Signs of Impending Panic Is it Safe to Intervene? Monitoring a Panicked Diver Underwater Attack A Final Note

Responsibility vs. Duty As an SRD or ASRD, absent some pre- arranged, documented assumed burden of duty with another diver or divers, such as when acting in a well-defined position as a diving leader, you have no responsibility to risk yourself for another diver.

Risk Assessment All rescues begin with a difficult question: The next question is where is the buddy?

A Responsive Victim Approach any diver in distress with extreme caution. Once you decide to intervene:

An Unresponsive Victim An unresponsive diver will drown without immediate assistance. Steps to take:

Underwater Panic Panic can strike any diver:

Warning Signs of Impending Panic Seeing any diver struggling with equipment:

Is it Safe to Intervene? If a diver is bolting to the surface:

Monitoring a Panicked Diver Once you see the diver is out of control:

Underwater Attack You should do whatever you must in order to break free:

A Final Note There is little if anything you can do to prevent a panicked diver from getting to the surface quickly under most circumstances.

Underwater Rescue End of Unit 8 Responsibility vs. Duty Risk Assessment A Responsive Victim An Unresponsive Victim Underwater Panic Warning Signs of Impending Panic Is it Safe to Intervene? Monitoring a Panicked Diver Underwater Attack A Final Note

Unit 9 Diving Maladies Pulmonary Barotrauma Signs vs. Symptoms Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries Understanding Decompression Sickness Types of Decompression Sickness Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment Performing the Exam

Pulmonary Barotrauma The reason divers are so vigorously taught to “never hold your breath”: If breathing is interrupted during ascent:

Signs vs. Symptoms Signs are observable. Symptoms are felt.

Types of Lung Over- expansion Injuries Subcutaneous Emphysema: Mediastinal Emphysema: Pneumothorax: Arterial gas embolism (AGE):

Understanding Decompression Sickness Decompression results from: The damage caused: Dive planning to reduce the risk of DCS:

Types of Decompression Sickness “Skin bends”: “Limb bends”: “Neurological bends”: “Inner ear bends”: “Chokes”:

Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies React immediately to the signs: The trouble with symptoms: Dealing with denial: Neurological assessment:

Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment What to do:

Performing the Exam Following a check list:

Diving Maladies End of Unit 9 Pulmonary Barotrauma Signs vs. Symptoms Types of Lung Over-expansion Injuries Types of Decompression Sickness Understanding Decompression Sickness Signs and Symptoms of Diving Maladies Basic Principles of Neurological Assessment Performing the Exam

Unit 10 Treatment of Diving Maladies Why Oxygen? Handling Oxygen Types of O2 Delivery Systems Recompression Therapy:The Necessary Second Step

Why Oxygen? The nature of the injury: The process simplified:

Handling Oxygen Oxygen must be handled with care. Simple precautions:

Types of O2 Delivery Systems Constant flow: Demand:

Recompression Therapy:The Necessary Second Step Oxygen is merely the beginning first step. A “typical” multi-lock, multi-place recompression chamber:

Treatment of Diving Maladies End of Unit 10 Why Oxygen? Handling Oxygen Types of O2 Delivery Systems Recompression Therapy: The Necessary Second Step