Causes?

- population - 22 million - 90% of industrial goods, esp. munitions - efficient railroad system (5x more) - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade Southern ports - capable military leaders, *Ulysses S. Grant * William Sherman * George Custer *Winfield Scott

General Ulysses S. Grant: Ohio

General William T. Sherman: Ohio

General George Custer: Ohio/Michigan

Disadvantages of the Union Not familiar with area Not familiar with area Offensive attacks Offensive attacks Others? Others?

Excellent generals Excellent generals -Robert E. Lee -Robert E. Lee Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson George Pickett George Pickett Nathan Bedford Forrest Nathan Bedford Forrest Defense rather than offense Defense rather than offense familiar w/climate and territory familiar w/climate and territory Farmers fight better than factory workers Farmers fight better than factory workers

General Robert E. Lee: Virginia

General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: Virginia (WV)

General George Pickett: Virginia

General Nathan Bedford Forrest: Tennessee

Disadvantages of the Confederacy Smaller population: 9 million (includes 3.5 million slaves) Smaller population: 9 million (includes 3.5 million slaves) Have to import all industrial goods Have to import all industrial goods Including ammunition Including ammunition Others? Others?

Firing on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861: Charleston, South Carolina April 12, 1861: Charleston, South Carolina 4:30 AM 4:30 AM Confederate generals began firing upon Fort Sumter Confederate generals began firing upon Fort Sumter occupied by Union troops occupied by Union troops SC demanded that Union abandon its occupation of fort SC demanded that Union abandon its occupation of fort Bombardment lasted until the Union forces surrendered the fort at 2:30 PM, April 14. Bombardment lasted until the Union forces surrendered the fort at 2:30 PM, April 14. Video Video Video

Response to Fort Sumter Beginning of the Civil War Beginning of the Civil War President Lincoln issues Proclamation calling for the raising of an army President Lincoln issues Proclamation calling for the raising of an army Further secession: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina Further secession: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Blockade against Southern ports President Lincoln issues a Proclamation of Blockade against Southern ports

First Bull Run July 21, 1861 July 21, 1861 Union Army defeated at Bull Run Union Army defeated at Bull Run 25 miles southwest of Washington 25 miles southwest of Washington General Thomas Jackson earns nickname “Stonewall” General Thomas Jackson earns nickname “Stonewall” Able to resist Union troop attacks Able to resist Union troop attacks Lincoln realizes the war will be long Lincoln realizes the war will be long

Monitor and Merrimac Confederate ship: Merrimac Confederate ship: Merrimac Sinks 2 wooden Union ships then takes on the Union’s Ironclad Sinks 2 wooden Union ships then takes on the Union’s Ironclad Union ship: Monitor Union ship: Monitor Naval warfare changed forever Naval warfare changed forever Wooden ships are obsolete Wooden ships are obsolete

Shiloh April 6/7, 1862 April 6/7, 1862 Confederate surprise attack on General Grant’s troops Confederate surprise attack on General Grant’s troops Grant and his men are not prepared Grant and his men are not prepared 13,000 Union troops killed and wounded 13,000 Union troops killed and wounded 10,000 Confederate men killed and wounded 10,000 Confederate men killed and wounded

Fall of New Orleans April 24, 1862 April 24, Union ships move up the Mississippi River and take New Orleans 17 Union ships move up the Mississippi River and take New Orleans South’s greatest seaport South’s greatest seaport Impact? Impact?

Second Battle of Bull Run August 29/30, 1862: northern Virginia August 29/30, 1862: northern Virginia 75,000 Union soldiers are defeated by 55,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Stonewall Jackson 75,000 Union soldiers are defeated by 55,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of Stonewall Jackson Union army retreats to Washington Union army retreats to Washington

Antietam September 17, 1862: Maryland September 17, 1862: Maryland Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army is stopped by the Union Army Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army is stopped by the Union Army Union army is numerically superior Union army is numerically superior By nightfall, 26,000 men are dead, wounded, or missing By nightfall, 26,000 men are dead, wounded, or missing Lee withdraws to Virginia Lee withdraws to Virginia Bloodiest day in U.S. military history Bloodiest day in U.S. military history

Confederate Dead at Antietam

Lincoln Visits Antietam

Fredericksburg December 13, 1862: Fredericksburg, VA December 13, 1862: Fredericksburg, VA Severe loss for the Union Severe loss for the Union 12,653 Union soldiers killed after 14 frontal assaults on entrenched Confederate soldiers 12,653 Union soldiers killed after 14 frontal assaults on entrenched Confederate soldiers Confederate losses: 5,309 Confederate losses: 5,309 “We might as well have tried to take hell.” “We might as well have tried to take hell.”

January 1, 1863 January 1, 1863 Only freed slaves living in states that had seceded from the Union Only freed slaves living in states that had seceded from the Union Confederate States of America Confederate States of America Did not free slaves in border states Did not free slaves in border states

Union Draft March 3, 1863 March 3, 1863 Congress enact a draft Congress enact a draft Male citizens required to enlist Male citizens required to enlist Or pay $300 for a substitute Or pay $300 for a substitute “The blood of a poor man is as precious as that of the wealthy.” “The blood of a poor man is as precious as that of the wealthy.”

Chancellorsville May 1-4, 1863: Chancellorsville, VA May 1-4, 1863: Chancellorsville, VA Union army (130,000 soldiers)defeated by Lee’s army (60,000 soldiers) Union army (130,000 soldiers)defeated by Lee’s army (60,000 soldiers) Brilliant and daring tactics used by Lee Brilliant and daring tactics used by Lee Split army into several sections Split army into several sections General Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded by friendly fire, arm was amputated General Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded by friendly fire, arm was amputated Died 8 days later due to complications and pneumonia Died 8 days later due to complications and pneumonia Severe setback to Confederacy Severe setback to Confederacy Lee felt like he had lost his right arm Lee felt like he had lost his right arm Union losses: 17,197 Union losses: 17,197 Confederate losses: 13,303 Confederate losses: 13,303

Gettysburg- Turning Point July 1-3, 1863: Gettysburg, PA July 1-3, 1863: Gettysburg, PA July 1 st : early Union success followed by Confederates pushing back and exploiting weak section of Union Army July 1 st : early Union success followed by Confederates pushing back and exploiting weak section of Union Army July 2 nd : Confederates capture small areas but are not able to completely dilodge Union defenders July 2 nd : Confederates capture small areas but are not able to completely dilodge Union defenders July 3 rd : Union regains lost ground, heavy artillery bombardment against Lee July 3 rd : Union regains lost ground, heavy artillery bombardment against Lee Pickett’s Charge: Confederate troops mowed down by Union while marching across field Pickett’s Charge: Confederate troops mowed down by Union while marching across field Lee retreats back to Virginia Lee retreats back to Virginia Largest battle in the history of the Western Hemisphere Largest battle in the history of the Western Hemisphere Over 100,000 casualties in only 3 days: Over 100,000 casualties in only 3 days: Approximately 51,000 from both sides killed, wounded, or missing Approximately 51,000 from both sides killed, wounded, or missing Last time the South invaded the North Last time the South invaded the North

Vicksburg July 4, 1863: July 4, 1863: Last area of Confederate strong hold of the Mississippi River Last area of Confederate strong hold of the Mississippi River Surrender to General Grant Surrender to General Grant Union now in complete control of the Mississippi Union now in complete control of the Mississippi Confederacy is split into two Confederacy is split into two

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln

Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863: November 19, 1863: 2 minute speech given by Abraham Lincoln 2 minute speech given by Abraham Lincoln Dedicates the battlefield as a National Cemetary Dedicates the battlefield as a National Cemetary Reiterated the reasons for this terrible war Reiterated the reasons for this terrible war Human equality: bring true equality to all Human equality: bring true equality to all Struggle for the preservation of the Union Struggle for the preservation of the Union

Cold Harbor June 3, 1864: Cold Harbor, Virginia June 3, 1864: Cold Harbor, Virginia Costly mistake by Grant Costly mistake by Grant 7,000 Union casualties in 20 minutes 7,000 Union casualties in 20 minutes Attacked well fortified rebel soldiers Attacked well fortified rebel soldiers

Sherman takes Atlanta May 4, 1864-November 15, 1864 May 4, 1864-November 15, 1864 Sherman and his soldiers (100,000) leave the west and make their way to Atlanta Sherman and his soldiers (100,000) leave the west and make their way to Atlanta Goal: Capture Atlanta Goal: Capture Atlanta July 20 th : reach Atlanta July 20 th : reach Atlanta September 2 nd : Capture Atlanta September 2 nd : Capture Atlanta “Atlanta is ours, and fairly won.”- telegraph to Lincoln “Atlanta is ours, and fairly won.”- telegraph to Lincoln

Sherman’s March to the Sea After destroying Atlanta’s warehouses, railroads, etc., Sherman wants to march to the sea After destroying Atlanta’s warehouses, railroads, etc., Sherman wants to march to the sea Destroy everything in his path on his way to Savannah Destroy everything in his path on his way to Savannah Idea approved by Lincoln Idea approved by Lincoln “I can make Georgia howl!”-Sherman “I can make Georgia howl!”-Sherman December 21, 1864: Sherman reaches Savannah December 21, 1864: Sherman reaches Savannah 300 miles of destruction, 60 miles wide 300 miles of destruction, 60 miles wide Offers Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present through telegraph Offers Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present through telegraph

Text of Telegraph To his Excellency, President Lincoln, I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. W. T. Sherman Maj-Genl

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS Without Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North: Without Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North: 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs. 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry

4) single federal currency established - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 4) single federal currency established - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and introduced income tax 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and introduced income tax 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted 7) 1864 Election - only in Union 7) 1864 Election - only in Union - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan  Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)

Lincoln’s Reelection Election of 1864 Election of 1864 Lincoln wins 55 percent of the popular vote and 213/233 electoral college votes Lincoln wins 55 percent of the popular vote and 213/233 electoral college votes

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified country creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery abolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement w. lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained... South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

Thirteenth Amendment January 31, 1865 January 31, 1865 US Congress approves thirteenth amendment US Congress approves thirteenth amendment Abolishes slavery Abolishes slavery Amendment submitted to the states for ratification Amendment submitted to the states for ratification

Before After