The Emergence of an Industrial Society in the West

1. Political Upheaval: Age of Revolution 2. Exportation of Western European institutions and values 1750 Monarchies 1914 Monarchies overthrown and Parliaments established with strong voting systems

Political Upheaval – age of revolution A combo or economic, intellectual, and social changes

1. Cultural : intellect brings questioning and questioning brings change  Enlightenment thinkers were already challenging the status quo 2. Economic : the old ways were being challenged  Commercialization=new wealth 3. Population increase : more people, less positions, harder to get ahead  Better nutrients lower infant death rate and people were living longer

 The first revolution inspired by the new political thinking developing at the time  The US Constitution is based on enlightenment thinking  3 branches of government  Checks and balances  Life, liberty and property

 Where the American Rev. developed a completely new form the French rev. developed in an already existent social structure (nobility)  Democracy came easy in American but not in France  Bourgeoisie: growing class with no political privileges, rich who wanted to be richer  More of a civil war rising against the establishment  Proletariat: the working people  Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and the success of the American Rev.

Three Stages of the French Revolution 1.Revolution 2.Reign of Terror 3.Napoleon

 This would set precedent that would transform all of Europe  Causes  Ideological factors – Enlightenment pressure – limit Church/aristocracy  Social changes – merchant class wanted more power  Peasants pressed by population issues – want freedom from aristocracy  Catalyst – economic problems by French gov’t - series of wars/Versailles

 Summer of discontent  National Assembly – passes Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen  Storming of Bastille – symbol of repression – destroyed almost vacant prison  Great Fear – riots on countryside lead to Great Flight  Led to monumental changes  Seizure of church lands  New parliament to restrict king  Freedom religion, press, property

 Jacobin leaders take over:  Kill you if you don’t agree  Thousands of people guillotined or fleeing the country  Maximilien Robespierre  Lost touch with issues of the people  Creates new religion – cult of the Supreme Being  Doesn’t listen to issues of urban dwellers

 Reduced the power of parliament  Set up a powerful police system that limited personal freedoms  New laws: religious freedoms and more equality  Better schools  Major expansion to control most of western Europe  1812 the fall: DON’T INVADE RUSSIA

 Pride in their own government and culture  conscious bond shared by a group of people who feel strongly attached to a particular land and who possess a common language, culture, and history, marked by shared glories and sufferings.  Viva La France  Country over everything else  Including the church  All western governments started a Civil Service exam and had a growing bureaucracy

 nationalism was enormously powerful in the nineteenth century  fueled preexisting rivalry among European states  drive for colonies in Asia and Africa can see its height in the suffering of World War I efforts to instill national loyalty in citizens  nationalism took on a variety of political ideologies  civic nationalism” identified the “nation” with a particular territory, encouraged assimilation  some defined the nation in racial terms (e.g., Germany)

 National lines drawn  Tried to create a balance of power – create strong powers around France  Prussia gains power in Germany  Piedmont in Northern Italy  Britain gains new territory around the world  Russia maintains control of Poland

 Conservatives :  Against revolutionary ideas: wanted old ways  Tried to reinstate the monarchy in France (umm no)  Liberals :  Focused on issues of political structure  Limit state interference in peoples lives: basic freedoms  Understood that they needed to be less aggressive to make changes. (revolution too risky)  Radicals :  Like the liberals but wanted more democracy and voting rights  Socialist: attack on private property

Benjamin Disraeli : British, granted the vote to working class men in 1867 Count Camillo di Cavour – unites Italy - alliance with France Fought Austria for Northern provinces – peninsula unites Revolution from control of the Church Otto Von Bismark : Forced conflict with other nations to unify German people Defeated France in 1871 – new Germany Parliament has lower house based on universal suffrage

 Karl Marx  When work and reward are shared than the evils of capitalism will end  History is shaped by those who control the means of production  According to Marx: “History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means”

 The rise of socialism scared people of “Western” society  Germany (led by Otto von Bismark) became largest single political force by 1900  Major industrial strikes and the forming of unions rose quickly  Socialist parties would ally themselves with other moderate groups to strengthen themselves  In the end, Marx’s vision was incorrect; success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means and NOT only by violent revolts

Roots: The Means of Production Trunk: State Organization (government) Branches: Institution of the State (Police, army, bureaucracy)

Propertyless proletariat would grow until revolution is inevitable Transition with proletariat dictatorship to clean up the bourgeoisie Full freedom where the people benefit justly and equally from their work not more state Class struggle end because there are no more classes

Many changes will occur due to the major changes that an industrialized world brings

 Factors leading to British Industrial Revolution:  Favorable natural resources  Population pressure forced innovations at all levels of society  Increasing world trade  Growth of manufacturing sector of the economy  Governments committing policies of economic growth  James Watt: devised a steam engine in 1770’s  Improvements in agriculture  Population boom

 Better infrastructure  Consumer culture increases  Better conditions for farmers  More corporations  Labor unions  Stock companies  Middle-class was improving (and growing)  Education was more important for children than work/apprenticeship  Social structure relied less on privilege & birth and more on money

 Women and children still “sheltered” from the industrialized work world  Women mainly took care of children at home  Moral status improved  Women wanted legal and economic gains  Suffrage  Equal access to jobs and education  Women were working in the home to create goods but now those jobs were moving outside the home

 Less hours and more pay gave ordinary people more opportunities  White collar class: secretaries, clerks and salespeople  Middle class could now develop and gain more  Consumption grows=output grows  Advertising and fads

 Causes of Western expansion  new markets for processed goods  created commercial agriculture in other regions  satisfy need for raw materials, agricultural products  communication/transportation facilitated expansion  Nationalistic rivalries  Businesspeople sought new chances for profit  Missionaries sought chances for profit  Massive European emigration

 Tried to create gradual self-government to avoid revolution  Quebec created to ease French tension  New immigrants poor in during last part of 18 th century

 – exported convicts  Discovery of gold increases population in 1850s  Unified federal nation claimed on January 1, 1900

 Conflict with Maoris – attempts to convert to Christianity  Agricultural population  Parliament allowed to rule self without interference from mother country

Government Institutions Political ReformSocial Reform ConservativesAbsolute Monarchs Restoration of old nobility to power Opposed to revolutionary ideas Liberals Constitutional/repr esentative monarch Greater representation and power in the hands of the middle class Social/economic reforms that would benefit the middle class RadicalsOutright democracy Increased voting rights for the common people Social reforms to benefit lower classes