The Cold War and Nationalism Chapter 30-2

Leonid Brezhnev A new period of stagnation and re-Stalinization A new period of stagnation and re-Stalinization Massive arms buildup Massive arms buildup Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. Dictatorship was more collective under the Politburo Dictatorship was more collective under the Politburo USSR committed to maintaining the Status Quo USSR committed to maintaining the Status Quo Solzhenitsyn and others permanently expelled Solzhenitsyn and others permanently expelled

Prague Spring and the invasion of Czechoslovakia Khrushchev’s reforms = modest liberalism in Czechoslovakia Khrushchev’s reforms = modest liberalism in Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek was elected brought “Prague Spring” Alexander Dubcek was elected brought “Prague Spring” Wanted democratic reform; freedom of speech Wanted democratic reform; freedom of speech “Socialism with a human face” “Socialism with a human face” Frightened hard-liners Frightened hard-liners

Czechoslovakia Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia 1968 Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia 1968 Hard-line regime established Hard-line regime established Brezhnev Doctrine: Henceforth the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. Brezhnev Doctrine: Henceforth the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Ostpolitik Willy Brandt W. Germany’s Chancellor began to improve relations with Eastern Europe with his “Eastern Initiative” Willy Brandt W. Germany’s Chancellor began to improve relations with Eastern Europe with his “Eastern Initiative” Wanted to resolve the “German Question” Wanted to resolve the “German Question” Brandt negotiated treaties with the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally accepting state boundaries and mutual renunciation of force or threat of force Brandt negotiated treaties with the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland: formally accepting state boundaries and mutual renunciation of force or threat of force

“Two German states within one German nation” Brandt brought SPD to power for the first time since the 1920’s Brandt brought SPD to power for the first time since the 1920’s Two-party system in W. Germany firmly installed Two-party system in W. Germany firmly installed His modest gains with E. Germany and E. Europe did ease Cold War Tensions His modest gains with E. Germany and E. Europe did ease Cold War Tensions Inspired Détente between U.S. and USSR Inspired Détente between U.S. and USSR

Detente 1970’s: U.S. President Nixon and his Sec. of State, Henry Kissinger: 1970’s: U.S. President Nixon and his Sec. of State, Henry Kissinger: Feared W. Germany would become neutral and weaken NATO Feared W. Germany would become neutral and weaken NATO Hoped to convince Soviets to pressure North Vietnam into ending the Vietnam War Hoped to convince Soviets to pressure North Vietnam into ending the Vietnam War Wanted to apply Brandt’s Ostpolitik in a larger way to ease tensions between East and West Wanted to apply Brandt’s Ostpolitik in a larger way to ease tensions between East and West

Realpolitik Nixon and Kissinger decided to make policies favorable to national interests rather than to base actions on an ideological world view Nixon and Kissinger decided to make policies favorable to national interests rather than to base actions on an ideological world view Nixon also used the Soviet-China split to play them against each other Nixon also used the Soviet-China split to play them against each other Nixon visited China 1972 Nixon visited China 1972 Nixon visited Moscow the same year Nixon visited Moscow the same year

Détente: an easing of tensions Tried to establish rules to govern the rivalry between the U.S., the USSR, and China Tried to establish rules to govern the rivalry between the U.S., the USSR, and China 1972 SALT I: Nixon and Brezhnev signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of same to 200 for each power 1972 SALT I: Nixon and Brezhnev signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the # of same to 200 for each power BUT Development of MIRVs (missiles with multiple warheads) made SALT I obsolete BUT Development of MIRVs (missiles with multiple warheads) made SALT I obsolete

1975 Helsinki Conference The Final Act Officially ended WWII by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries for Eastern European countries The Final Act Officially ended WWII by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries for Eastern European countries In return, Soviets agreed to more liberal exchanges of people and information between East and West and to protect basic “human rights” (did not) In return, Soviets agreed to more liberal exchanges of people and information between East and West and to protect basic “human rights” (did not)

The End of Detente 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan = U.S. refused to ratify SALT II (reducing nuclear armaments) = U.S. refused to ratify SALT II (reducing nuclear armaments) Carter U.S. President Carter U.S. President He and Sec. of State (Vance) big into human rights He and Sec. of State (Vance) big into human rights U.S. also boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics U.S. also boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics

The end of detente U.S. also stopped shipments of grain and some technology shipments to USSR U.S. also stopped shipments of grain and some technology shipments to USSR Only Britain stood with the U.S. Only Britain stood with the U.S. France, Italy and W. Germany did not want the Afghan invasion to escalate into more tension France, Italy and W. Germany did not want the Afghan invasion to escalate into more tension

Solidarity in Poland Pope John Paul II (Polish cardinal) elected in 1979 Pope John Paul II (Polish cardinal) elected in 1979 Traveled through Poland preaching love of Christ and country and the inalienable rights of man Traveled through Poland preaching love of Christ and country and the inalienable rights of man Inspired the working people to create the Solidarity movement Inspired the working people to create the Solidarity movement Led by Lech Walesa Led by Lech Walesa

Solidarity Poles demanded right to free unions, right to strike, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, economic reforms Poles demanded right to free unions, right to strike, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, economic reforms Solidarity was outlawed and driven underground by 1981 Solidarity was outlawed and driven underground by 1981

The Cold War and the 1980’s The Atlantic Alliance: the U.S., Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl) The Atlantic Alliance: the U.S., Britain and W. Germany (Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl) All 3 believed the USSR was still a dangerous threat All 3 believed the USSR was still a dangerous threat All committed to support liberal efforts in Eastern Europe All committed to support liberal efforts in Eastern Europe

Margaret Thatcher Came to power in 1979 in the UK after a year of strikes eroded the support of the Labor party Came to power in 1979 in the UK after a year of strikes eroded the support of the Labor party Was a conservative (like Reagan) and advocated hard-line foreign policies Was a conservative (like Reagan) and advocated hard-line foreign policies 1982 The Falkland War Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands 500 miles off its coast 1982 The Falkland War Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands 500 miles off its coast Thatcher sent a British fleet and retook the islands. Was reelected…hugely popular Thatcher sent a British fleet and retook the islands. Was reelected…hugely popular

Helmut Kohl Pro-American Pro-American Came to power in 1982 as the leader of the conservative Christian Democrats Came to power in 1982 as the leader of the conservative Christian Democrats

Ronald Reagan Hard-liner against the Soviets in his first term Hard-liner against the Soviets in his first term Massive military buildup: Reagan believed that the Soviets would fall apart trying to keep up Massive military buildup: Reagan believed that the Soviets would fall apart trying to keep up 1983: Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative aka SDI): Reagan wanted this high tech missile defense system 1983: Star Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative aka SDI): Reagan wanted this high tech missile defense system U.S. dramatic increase in military spending put tremendous pressure on the Soviets U.S. dramatic increase in military spending put tremendous pressure on the Soviets

Ronald Reagan and the Soviets When the Soviets shot down a Korean passenger plane that had flown over Soviet air space Reagan called the USSR the “Evil Empire” When the Soviets shot down a Korean passenger plane that had flown over Soviet air space Reagan called the USSR the “Evil Empire”

Mikhail Gorbachev Was reform-minded Was reform-minded Glasnost: ended party censorship; granted “openness”: freedom of speech and some political liberty Glasnost: ended party censorship; granted “openness”: freedom of speech and some political liberty Peristroika economic reform. Adopted some free-market policies…unsuccessfully Peristroika economic reform. Adopted some free-market policies…unsuccessfully

Gorbachev’s reforms Demokratiztsiya: Demokratiztsiya: Began as an attack on corruption within the Communist Party Began as an attack on corruption within the Communist Party Tried to bring a class of educated decision- makers into the decision-making process Tried to bring a class of educated decision- makers into the decision-making process March 1989: first free elections since 1917 March 1989: first free elections since 1917

Gorbachev’s reforms Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan Encouraged reform movements in Poland and Hungary Encouraged reform movements in Poland and Hungary Pledged to respect the political choices of the peoples of Eastern Europe Pledged to respect the political choices of the peoples of Eastern Europe

INF Treaty 1987 Gorbachev and Reagan 1987 Gorbachev and Reagan All intermediate-range nuclear missiles banned All intermediate-range nuclear missiles banned

START I Treaty 1990 Gorbachev and George Bush Gorbachev and George Bush Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of USSR’s nukes and both to limit ICBM warheads Would cut 10% of U.S. and 25% of USSR’s nukes and both to limit ICBM warheads

Revolutions of 1989 Ended Communist control of Eastern Europe Ended Communist control of Eastern Europe Costs (economic and political) of maintaining satellite countries way too high for USSR Costs (economic and political) of maintaining satellite countries way too high for USSR Poland: Solidarity reemerged and free elections for the first time in 1989 Poland: Solidarity reemerged and free elections for the first time in 1989 Lech Walesa president Lech Walesa president Began a wave of more revolutions Began a wave of more revolutions

Hungary Proclaimed independence Proclaimed independence Developed a coalition government Developed a coalition government

Germany The Berlin Wall came down and E. German government collapsed The Berlin Wall came down and E. German government collapsed Germany reunited 1990, economies merged Germany reunited 1990, economies merged Soviets opposed a unified Germany in NATO until W. Germany provided Soviets with massive economic aid Soviets opposed a unified Germany in NATO until W. Germany provided Soviets with massive economic aid

Czechoslovakia The Velvet Revolution : A general strike resulted in the fall of the communist government The Velvet Revolution : A general strike resulted in the fall of the communist government Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, became president Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, became president 1993: the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries (ethnic differences too hard) 1993: the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries (ethnic differences too hard)

Bulgaria Had no organized reform movement Had no organized reform movement Leader resigned Leader resigned Stalinists were purged Stalinists were purged Ethnic Turks who had been estranged were urged to come back Ethnic Turks who had been estranged were urged to come back

Romania Oppressive dictator: Ceausescu was ousted from power and was assassinated Oppressive dictator: Ceausescu was ousted from power and was assassinated About 1,000 died in the revolution About 1,000 died in the revolution

Albania 1990 Europe’s poorest country Europe’s poorest country Demonstrated against the government for over a year Demonstrated against the government for over a year The Communist government fell in the summer of 1991 The Communist government fell in the summer of 1991