Translation Ⅱ:Syntax Kaori & Satoko

Objectives What is the basic structure for noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases? What is your language’s basic word order? Is there any agreement? How is it marked? Is there case? How is it marked? How are questions formed?

Phrase Structure Noun Phrases Include: nouns, adjectives, determiners, classifiers, possessors, relative clauses. Ex] English the white dogs det adj noun Korean ses myong eui salam 3 CL POS person ‘three persons’

Phrase Structure Verb Phrases Include: verbs, auxiliary verbs, adverbs, prepositional phrases, noun phrases, etc. Ex] English go to the hospital verb pre det noun Mandarin Chinese shang cai kuai serve dish quickly ‘serve dishes quickly’

Phrase Structure Prepositional phrases Include: adpositions(prepositions/postpositions), nouns phrases. Ex] English toward the end pre det noun Korean doseogan eseo library at ‘at the library’

Word Order Languages are described based on the order of subjects, objects, and verbs. There are six options: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS. Ex] English The man ate the poi. SUB VERB OBJECT Japanese Otoko-ga poi-o tabeta. John-SUB poi-OBJ eat-Past(V) ‘John ate the poi.’ Hawaiian Ua’ ai ke kanaka i ka poi. PAST-eat(V) the man(S) the poi(O) ‘The man ate the poi.’

Agreement Verb agreement Ex] English: The verb agrees with the subject. Lei parl-a Italiano 3rd Feminine Singular speak-3.S Italian ‘She speaks Italian.’ Swahili: The verb agrees with both subject and object. Juma a-li-wa-piga watoto. Juma S-Past-O-hit children ‘Juma hit the children.’

Agreement Adjective and Determiner Agreement Ex] Spanish: The determiner, the noun, and the adjective all agree in number and gender. El hombre ric-o. Det.M.S man.M rich-M ‘The rich man.’ Los hombre-s ric-o-s. Det.M.S man.N-PL rich-M-PL ‘The rich men.’ La mujer ric-a. Det.F.S woman.F rich-F ‘The rich woman.’ Las mujer-es ric-a-s. Det.F.PL woman.F-PL rich-F-PL ‘The rich women.’