Experimental Progress on Zonal Flow Physics in Toroidal Plasmas

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Presentation transcript:

Experimental Progress on Zonal Flow Physics in Toroidal Plasmas A. Fujisawa, T. Ido, A. Shimizu, S. Okamura, K. Matsuoka, Y. Hamada, 1K. Hoshino, 2Y. Nagashima, 1K. Shinohara, H. Nakano, S. Ohshima, 1Y. Miura, K. Itoh, S. –I. Itoh NIFS, 1JAEA, 2RIAM, Japan M. Shats, H. Xia, ANU, Australia J. Q. Dong, L. W. Yan, K. J. Zhao, SWIP, China G. D. Conway, *U. Stroth, Max-Planck institute,*Universität Stuttgart, Germany A. Melnikov, L.G. Eliseev, S.E. Lysenko and S.V. Perfilov, Kurchatov Institute, Russia C. Hidalgo, CIEMAT, Spain G. R. Tynan, *G. R. Mckee, C. Holland, *R. J. Fonck, *D. K. Gupta, P. H. Diamond, UCSD, *Univ. Wisconsin U.S.A.

Zonal flow in atmosphere in Jupiter What is a ZONAL FLOW Is that really present in toroidal plasmas? ITER Poloidal Crosssection m=n=0, kr=finite ExB flows Zonal flows are ubiquitous. Zonal flow in atmosphere in Jupiter 2. Turbulence driven 1. No linear instability 3. No radial transport Two braches of ZFs in a toroidal plasma i) stationary zonal flows (sZF) near-zero frequency ~0 kHz ii) geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) an oscillatory branch ~ 10-50 kHz P. H. Diamond et al. PPCF 47 R35 (2005)

Why are ZFs Important for Fusion? Because the zonal flows are deeply associated with anomalous transport. gradients damping turbulence Zonal flows trapping no transport transport shearing sZF>GAM Plasma Transport Drift waves + Zonal flows the new paradigm Nonlinear interaction between zonal flows and turbulence controls transport. A question: the paradigm shift is experimentally supported?

Zonal Flow Experiments A challenge to experimentalists - electric field or flow measurements in high temporal and spatial resolution HL-2A (probes) JIPPT-IIU (HIBP) T-10 (HIBP) ASDEX-U (reflectometry) JFT-2M(HIBP&probes) DIIID (BES) CLD (probes) CASTOR (probes) TJ-II(probes) TEXT-U (HIBP) H1 (probes) CSDX (probes) HT-7 (probes) CHS(HIBP) LMD (probes) TJ-K(probes) Devices i) zonal structure symmetry (m=n=0) a finite radial wavelength ii) nonlinear coupling with turbulence Discoveries iii) effects on transport More than a dozen papers have been published as a PPCF cluster (2006).

Existence of Stationary Zonal Flow Proceeded by a pioneer work in HT-7, CHS has confirmed the existence of sZF G. S. Xu et al., PRL 91 125001 (2003). ASDEX-U 1 100 f (kHz) Power (flow) sZF Showing Symmetry CHS time (ms) f~0.5 kHz G. D. Conway, 31st EPS conf. London Showing a finite radial wavelength time (ms) 50 f (kHz) Power (flow) m=0 DIII-D A. Fujisawa et al. PRL 93 165002 (2004). Zonal structure is found! New techniques for ZF detection are developed in CATOR and CLD. This IAEA EX2-3: G. Mckee et al.

Pattern of Stationary Zonal Flow Using the cross-correlation functions between two electric fields at different radii, This is the discovery of stationary zonal flow.

GAMs in Spectra After H1-heliac reported the existence of GAM, M. G. Shats et al., PRL 88 45001 (2002) 1000 1 f (kHz) (Log) 100 40 60 f (kHz) JFT2M T10 TEXT-U flow(BES) flow(reflectometry) Potential (HIBP) 40 f (kHz) DIII-D ASDEX-U potential (probe) 100 1 f (kHz) HL-2A (Log) Coherent modes have been detected in many toroidal devices The HL-2A tokamak confirms the complete symmetry (n=m=0) of GAM This IAEA EX/P4-35 L.W. Yan et al.

GAM Frequency Dependence fGAM (kHz)- theory 25 fGAM (kHZ) cs/R k=1.12 k=1.73 k=1.40 k=1.27 k=1.62 ASDEX This IAEA EX2-1 G. Conway et al. DIII-D 4.0 7.0 q95 GAM amplitude Landau damping? DIII-D The frequency of the coherent modes satisfies the expected dependence. The studies of GAM have an impact on understanding of plasma turbulence G. R. McKee et al., PPCF 48 S123 (2006).

How to Prove Nonlinear Couplings -100 100 120 f1 (kHz) f2 (kHz) strong coupling f1+f2=f3 ~±10kHz JFT2M This IAEA EX2-2 K. Hoshino et al. Bicoherence analysis can quantify the strength of three wave coupling. f1+f2= f3 (k1+k2= k3 ) (bicoherence=0, if f1+f2≠0) Other techniques (energy transfer, autocorrelation, etc. ) are developed M. Shats et al., PPCF 48 S17 (2006). Reynolds stress to drive mean flow Direct evaluation of perpendicular term has been widely performed (CSDX, HT-6M, LMD, TJ-K, etc.) G. R. Tynan et al.PPCF 48 S51 (2006). - Direct measurement of energy transfer term from turbulence to flow is performed in TJ-II, showing importance of parallel component . This IAEA EX/P7-2 C. Hidalgo et al.

Energy Transfer between ZF and Turbulence Turbulence power changes intermittently with ‘zonal flow’ CHS turbulence ‘sZF’ GAM normalized power Time (ms) 40 70 sZF GAM turb. power coherence Anti-phase behavior suggests direct energy transfer between ‘zonal flow’ and turbulence A. Fujisawa et al. PPCF 48 A365 (2006).

Effects on Transports

ZF Effects on Transport HIBP has an advantage in simultaneous measurements of ZF and particle flux Stationary zonal flow particle flux density maximum minimum potential fluctuation 5ms 40 70 Time (ms) f (kHz) 30 80 power ZF f (kHz) 200 Conditional averages 0.5 CHS A. Fujisawa et al., PPCF 48 S205 (2006). Particle flux is really modulated with stationary zonal flow. Similar result is obtained for GAMs in JFT-2M. T. Ido et al., PPCF 48 S41 (2006)

confinement is improved Better Confinement in Enhanced ZF CHS Why is the confinement improved in shearless regime inside the barrier? Power ( E/∇T) ~ 10-3 radius 1 Potential (or Temperature) confinement is improved without shear Common ITB in helical plasmas At a radius without mean Er-shear inside the barrier No ITB Clear difference in energy partition ITB A larger fraction of zonal flows contributes to confinement improvement inside the barrier! Importance of zonal flows on confinement is demonstrated.

(temporal correlation) Turbulence modulation Turbulence modulation What Experiments Achieved structure nonlinear coupling effects on transport n=0 confirmed Importance of flow energy partition is demonstrated S-ZF m=0 confirmed confirmed (temporal correlation) Turbulence modulation is observed. kr=finite confirmed m=0 confirmed in a case n=m=0 confirmed (bicoherence) Turbulence modulation is observed GAM kr=finite proven fGAM~cs/R Eigenmode property The experiments on zonal flows have made a large progress. The obtained knowledge are still fragmental, but support the fundamental expectations of the theories.

Summary - Zonal flows really do exist in toroidal plasmas. The world-wide experiments on zonal flows show, ASDEX-U, CASTOR, CHS, CLD, CSDX , DIII-D, H1, HL-2A, HT-6M, HT-7, JFT-2M, JIPPT-IIU,LMD, T-10, TEXT-U, TJ-II, TJ-K and so on - Zonal flows really do exist in toroidal plasmas. Common physics Zonal flow in CHS - The experiments support the paradigm shift! Drift waves + Zonal flows - The prospect of ITER is enhanced. ITER will be more analogous to the Sun than the Jupiter.