Thermodynamically possible order formation excludes evolution Thomas Seiler Stuttgart, Germany

The constituents of all matter molecules atoms

Physical and chemical transformations 1 st law of thermodynamics: energy conservation 2 nd law of thermodynamics: entropy law

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics A system of particles moves randomly (Brownian motion) Permanent change of momentum and direction Result: 1) disordered distribution of momentum 2) disordered distribution in space

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics ordered distribution of momentum/temperature => low probability disordered distribution of momentum/temperature => high probability time hot cold lukewarm

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics ordered distribution in space => low probability disordered distribution in space => higher probability time

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics The entropy S - a measure for probability P: S = k·ln P The 2 nd law for any isolated system of matter: “A system will never change by itself into a significantly less probable state, i.e. its entropy will never decrease by more than a few k.“ Basis of nature and every-day experience. Excludes any physical process.

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics evolution: mutation and selection

The 2 nd law of thermodynamics “No exception to the second law of thermodynamics has ever been found - not even a tiny one. Like conservation of energy (the “first law“), the existence of a law so precise and so independent of models must have a logical foundation that is independent of the fact that matter is composed of interacting particles.“ E. H. LIEB, J. YNGVASON, “Physics Today“, 53 (2000)

Entropy law: From order to disorder time Y low entropy time high entropy

The exceptions of “open systems“ energy exchange => entropy decrease is possible only under certain conditions. + energy 25 °C 4 °C 20 °C high entropy space low entropy space + machine

The exceptions of “open systems“ high entropy CO 2 carbon dioxide O 2 oxygen (CH 2 O) x hydrocarbons water light energy sun Living beings are open systems low entropy Condition: Order information is already in photosynthesis machine.

The exceptions of “open systems“ Cooling induces ordered crystals water molecules snow flakes Condition: Order information is already in H 2 O symmetry.

The exceptions of “open systems“ Condition: Order information is already in feed-back arrangement. Dissipative structures e.g. Bénard cells: (further examples: vortex in Tornado, standing wave in a flute, oscillating chemical reactions) explanation: stable convection circle is a resonance in a feed-back-loop. Why stable? higher velocity => T-difference decreases. => lower velocity => T-difference increases. => higher velocity etc.

Biological order Biological organs – a different category: specific, functional and aesthetical complexity which is new information - not contained in an ordering machine - not contained in chemical elements, i.e. not energetically favourable - not contained in a feed-back loop arrangement

Summary ● Evolutionary hypothesis: “Disordered molecules turn into specific complexity by purely physical processes.“ ● Thermodynamics in isolated systems: Order turns into disorder, never vice versa. ● Open systems: Exeptional order formation is possible by energy exchange - only if structural information is pre-existing. ● Machine, chemical element, feed-back loop or other physical structure containing biological information does not exist. ● Therefore, physical processes, e.g. mutation and selection, can not produce – not even by cooling or heating - biological information. Conclusion: Evolution is not an open systems exception, but is inhibited by the 2 nd law of thermodynamics.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step x No incomplete organs in nature Unfittest: still existing Fittest: still existing Incomplete with intermediate fitness: not existing

"The fifth way is taken from things’ being directed. We see that there are things that have no knowledge, like physical bodies, but which act for the sake of an end. This is clear in that they always, or for the most part, act in the same way, and achieve what is best. This shows that they reach their end not by chance but in virtue of some tendency. But things which have no knowledge do not have a tendency to an end unless they are directed by something that does have knowledge and understanding. An example is an arrow directed by an archer. Therefore there is some being with understanding which directs all things to their end, and this, we say, is God." Summa Theologica I, Q. 2, A. 3