From www.indiana.edu

Ways of initiating airflow Airstream Mechanisms Ways of initiating airflow

Creating Pressure We initiate airflow by creating pressure in the vocal tract. Direction of initiatory movement creates 2 types of pressure: Positive Pressure = Egressive = Outgoing Negative Pressure = Ingressive = Incoming

3 Locations of Initiation Intitation at lungs Initiation at glottis Initiation at velum Six Initiation Types Pulmonic Egressive (common) Pulmonic Ingressive (rare) Glottalic Egressive (Ejectives) Glottalic Ingressive (Implosives) Velaric Egressive (Clicks) Velaric Ingressive (Not used)

Pulmonic Initiation Pulmonic Egressive – most common mechanism Air comes from lungs, through trachea and larynx & and out mouth or nose Plosives, Stops in English, all vowels [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], etc. Pulmonic Ingressive – very rare Speaking while sucking in

From Ladefoged 1993

Glottalic Initiation Air is trapped between glottis (vocal folds) & somewhere above in the vocal tract. The larynx is then either raised or lowered, which makes air more or less dense. The oral closure is released, and glottalic initiation is produced.

Glottalic Egressive – Ejectives Also known as “glottalized” Raised laryrnx – closed glottis pushes upwards, compresses air, pushes air out [p’], [b’], [t’], [d’], [k’], [g’], etc. Glotallic Ingressive – Implosives Lowered laryrnx – closed glottis pushes downwards, makes air less dense, sucks air in [], [], []

Steps in Glottalic Initiation Ejectives Close glottis Make closure in oral tract Raise larynx Release oral closure Open glottis Implosives Close glottis Make closure in oral tract Lower larynx Release oral closure Open glottis

Ejective From Ladefoged 1993

Implosive From Ladefoged 1993

Velaric Initiation Tongue dorsum (back) closes at velum, as if making a [k] (Hence: velaric) Make closure somewhere else, more forward, in mouth Move tongue down (which decreases pressure) Release front closure Air rushes into mouth Release velaric closure Known as “clicks”

It is only possible to have ingressive velaric initiation; egressive is not possible It is possible to overlay nasalization on clicks by sending air through nasal cavity

From Ladefoged 1993

Practice Practice glottal stops (uh-oh) Practice raising glottis (singing high) Practice lowering glottis (singing low) Put together for Ejectives & Implosives… Make glottal stop Make oral closure Raise/Lower Larynx Release oral closure Release glottal stop

Many have made clicks as “sound effects” Bilabial clicks – slight kissing sound Dental clicks – “Tsk tsk” sound Alveolar lateral clicks – horse-calling sound

Self-Test Which initiation type? Pressure builds completely in mouth Air in pharynx is rarified (made less dense) First step is glottal closure Most commonly made sounds Compressed air in pharynx causes air to release with outwards with force

Also known as plosives Common in some South African languages First step is closure at soft palate Also known as glottalized Possible ingressives Impossible sounds

Pressure builds completely in mouth * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS) Air in pharynx is rarified (made less dense) * GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE (IMPLOSIVES) First step is glottal closure * GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE & EGRESSIVE (IMPLOSIVES & EJECTIVES) Most commonly made sounds * PULMONIC EGRESSIVES (PLOSIVES) Compressed air in pharynx causes air to release outwards with force * GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES)

Also known as plosives * PULMONIC EGRESSIVE (PLOSIVES) Common in some South African languages * VELARIC INGRESSIVES (CLICKS) First step is closure at soft palate * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS) Also known as “glottalized” * GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES) Possible ingressives * PULMONIC INGRESSIVES (RARE), VELARIC INGRESSIVES (CLICKS), GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVES (IMPLOSIVES) Impossible sounds * VELARIC EGRESSIVES