Phonetics The study of speech sounds

What’s the problem here? Each, ache, chandelier Great, bait, fate, reign Laugh, fix, phony

Don’t think in terms of letters We will not use letters. We will use the IPA symbols. We will only speak in terms of sounds. Sounds will surrounded by [brackets]. When we talk about TRANSCRIPTION, we are talking about the IPA symbols in these brackets. For example: [k] = the initial sound in coin, kick and chemical

Three ways to define sounds 1. Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) --Vibration in your throat 2. Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth 3. Manners of articulation--How the sound is made

Voiced/Voiceless Voiced – can feel vibration in your throat  Ex: [z], [b], [v] Voiceless – no vibration  Ex: [s], [p], [f]

Places of Articulation Please refer to chart on p. 31

WHERE?--Bilabials Made using both lips [b], [p], [m], [w]

WHERE?--Dentals Made by using your teeth [T] Like words teeth, bath (-V) [D] Like words loathe, bathe (+V)

WHERE?--Labiodentals Made using your lips and teeth [v] and [f]

WHERE?--Alveolars Made by using your tongue and the part of your mouth just behind your teeth (the alveolar ridge) [t], [d], [s], [z], [n]

WHERE?--Palatals The voiceless sounds are in chip, chocolate [tS] or brush and shoe [S] The voiced sounds are in rouge or pleasure [Z] or judge and George [dZ] The [j] sounds, pronounced like initial sounds of you or yet (be careful because it looks like the letter “j”).

WHERE?--Velars Further back in your mouth is a soft area, called the velum. [k] sound as in kid, cough [g] sound as in go, gather, tag Also, the –ing [ ŋ ] sound in rolling, sung, tongue

Manner of articulation This not where the sound is made, but how the sound is made. For example, [d] and [z] are made in the same spot, but how you make them is the difference.

HOW?--Stops Made by stopping your airstream very briefly [p], [b], [d], [t], [k], [g]

HOW?--Fricatives Made by blocking the airstream and allowing only a some air to escape, causing friction [f], [v], [s], [z], [T], [D], [S], [Z] Three, These, shoe, azure (for last 4 phones)

HOW?--Affricates Almost like a fricative…almost. [tS] and [dZ] Initial sounds of cheap and jeep

HOW?--Nasals Air is briefly blocked then released through the nasal cavity [m], [n], [ N] Be careful…NASALS are part of the HOW, or MANNER of articulation, not the WHERE, or place of articulation.

HOW?--Liquids Made by using the tongue [l] and [r] *Both are voiced* What language backgrounds typically have difficulty in distinguishing these phones?

HOW?--Glides The tongue moves to make what is almost a vowel sound [w], [j], [h] ([h] can also be considered as being a fricative) [j]=yet, yellow

HOW?--Glottal stop Made when vocal cords are (briefly) closed Transcribed [?] In the words “uh-oh” or “uh-uh” This is also associated with stereotypical British-English speakers – bottle, butter, etc.

HOW?--The Flap Made with the tongue hitting the alveolar ridge As in butter, rider, metal

Vowels Unlike consonants, vowels are made by allowing air to flow. ALL VOICED! Can occur in the front, middle, or back of the mouth Can also occur in the high, middle, or lower part of the mouth

Say these aloud and try to feel the difference Hit Heat Hat Hot Hut

More Pool Pole Pail Pile Peel Pal Pill

Diphthongs When vowels and glides ([w] and [j]) merge together, they create diphthongs. [ej]=day [aj]=buy [ O j]=boy [aw]=doubt Our mouths move from one position to another

Variation Obviously, not everyone speaks the in the same way. Most of that distinction comes in the form of vowel variance. Can you think of any examples?

RECAP: Three ways to define sounds Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) –Whether or not there is vibration in your throat Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth Manners of articulation--How the sound is made Give me some examples of each. **Page 40, #1 through #6, is GREAT practice!**

Let’s try it again… Each, ache, chandelier Tough, dough Dead, bead Meat, great, threat Sure, bees, cats Peace, cello OF COURSE…a YOUTUBE video! Yippee!