Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Engineer

1.How Many PHEVs Can the Power System Accommodate without Additional Generating Capacity ? 2.How does the Replacement of Conventional IC Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse Gas Emissions ? 3. How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs Effect the Grid ? Questions

Methodology to Answer Question 1 Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC region using a “valley filling” methodology System load profile data from NERC and EIA Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches, a typical summer and typical winter day Simulate the economic dispatch of generators Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity minus generation dispatched to meet load. Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs

Austin Energy Generation

Summer Day Typical Load Profile Nuclear Coal Comb Cycle Other Gas- fired Peakers

Typical Winter Day Nuclear Coal Comb Cycle

NERC Map

Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements by Vehicle Class Vehicle ClassSpecific Energy in kWh per mile Battery Capacity Compact Mid-Size Sedan Mid-size SUV Full-size SUV

Conclusion (assuming max 2 kW charging rate) NERC RegionTechnical Potential in Million PHEVs ECAR28.6 ERCOT15.5 MACC10.4 MAIN13.1 MAPP6.1 NPCC15.6 FRCC6.5 SERC32.5 SPP15.1 NWP2.8 AZ & RMP5.8 CNV6.0 Total USA158 million PHEVs

GreenHouse Gas Emissions

Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Grams per km EV - coal EV- nat gas Gasoline - avg Gasoline – 2007 model

Findings  Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs  Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5 Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline consumption)  Assuming utilities have some control over when charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum system load, thus increase the utilization of baseload units, and thereby increase utility profits (and/or reduce electric rates).

Findings  PHEVs charging on today’s coal-fired generation have about 33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78% lower GHG emissions.  Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.  Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high loading without a daily “cool down” period.

Studies  Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of Plug- In Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids  EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles  NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in Partners Campaign Mark Kapner Senior Strategy Engineer Austin Energy GlobalCon 2008

The Perfect Storm  Economics Cheap oil is running out  Environmental Pressure to curb pollutants from transportation  National Security Pressure to curb dependence on oil

Alternatives to Petroleum 1. Energy Efficiency 2. Alternative Fuels 3. Hydrogen 4. Electricity

Electricity Advantages  Cost  Infrastructure  Multiple Fuels  Renewable Energy  Emissions

Plug-In Hybrid Power Train

Modest Electric Range – Large Impact

Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km

Carbon Dioxide - grams per km

The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter

University of California at Davis

GM’s Chevy Volt Unveiled as a concept car at the January Detroit Auto Show, the Chevy Volt would range 40 all electric miles, then a three cylinder gasoline engine recharges the electric battery.

GM’s Saturn VUE GM announced at the November 2006 L.A. Auto Show that it will produce a plug-in version of its Saturn VUE.

Ford Airstream Unveiled as a concept vehicle at the Detroit Auto Show in January, the Ford Airstream uses a small hydrogen fuel cell to recharge the battery.

Volvo C30 The Volvo C30 will be similar to GM’s E-flex platform for the Volt and will have a small diesel engine to recharge the battery.

Prius+

Plug-In Austin  Purpose: Demonstrate a market for flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles  Austin Energy rebates  City of Austin and other local government and business fleet orders  Petitions and endorsements from businesses, environmentalists, and others

Plug-In Partners Campaign  Purpose: Demonstrate a national market for flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles  Coalition: Local and state governments, utilities, businesses and non-profit organizations  Actions: “Soft” fleet orders, endorsements, rebates and incentives, petitions and letters  Kickoff: January 24, 2006 National Press Club Washington, DC

Ways to Help as a Partner 1. Obtain “soft” fleet orders from local government and businesses. 2. Create incentives and rebates 3. Support a Petition Drive 4. Consider recruiting other entities in your region

A Unique Coalition “I call this a coalition between the tree- huggers, the do-gooders, the sod- busters, the cheap hawks, and the evangelicals.” James Woolsey, former CIA Director at January 24, 2006 Plug-In Partners Kickoff

Plug-in Partners Campaign org gy.com

Cities Arlington, TX Austin, TX Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Boulder, CO Corpus Christi, TX Dallas, TX Denton, TX Denver, CO Edmond, OK Fort Worth, TX Irvine, CA Los Angeles, CA Madison, WI Memphis Philadelphia, PA Salt Lake City, UT Seattle, WA Wenatchee, WA

Counties and Local Governments Austin Community College, TX California State Controller Port of Chelan County, WA Sarasota County, FL Travis County, TX Wenatchee Valley Trans. Council Biofuel Organizations American Corn Growers Association, DC Soybean Producers of America, DC

Non-Profits American Lung Association, TX Americans for Energy Independence, CA Apollo Alliance, WA Association of Energy Engineers, TX Association of Energy Engineers (Local Chapter, TX), TX Austin/San Antonio Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers, TX Citizens for Rideable Communities, WA Colorado Energy Group, CO Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CA Electric Auto Association, CA Electric Vehicle Association - San Jose, CA Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers, TX Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers (IEEE), TX Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA), MA NY State Energy & Research Development Agency (NYSERDA), NY Public Technology Institute, DC Seattle Electric Vehicle Association, WA Sun Day Campaign, MD Travis County Green Party, TX Veridian Corporation

National/Local Environmental Groups Alliance to Save Energy, DC American Council on Renewable Energy Blue Water Network (a division of Friends of the Earth), CA California Cars Initiative, CA Clean Air Coalition, TX Clean Air Council, PA Clean Air Force of Central Texas, TX Colorado Energy Group, CO Community Clean Water Institute, CA Earth Policy Institute, DC Electric Vehicle Association of Greater DC, DC Energy Future Coalition, DC Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI), DC Green Strategies, Inc., DC Institute for Environmental Research and Education (IERE), WA Plug-in America Stella Group, Ltd., DC Sustainable Dallas, TX

National Security Organizations Set America Free Coalition Center for American Progress Institute for the Analysis of Global Security National Utility Associations American Public Power Association Edison Electric Institute Public Power Utilities Austin Energy Memphis Light and Gas Akron Municipal Utility, OH Alameda Power & Telecom, CA American Municipal Power-Ohio American Samoa Power Authority (Pago Pago, AS) Anaheim Public Utilities, CA Arcadia Electric Utility, WI Arizona Municipal Power User’s Association Austin Utilities, MN

Public Power Utilities (cont’d) Barnesville Municipal Power, MN Beach City Board of Public Affairs, OH Benton PUD (Kennewick, WA) Bowling Green Municipal Utilities, KY Braintree Electric Light Department, MA. Brigham City Corp., UT Bristol Virginia Utilities Buffalo Municipal Service, MN Burbank Water & Power, CA Cavalier Light & Power Plant, ND Cedarburg Light & Water Commission, WI Chelan County PUD, WA City of Batavia, IL City of Bentonville, AR City of Camilla, GA City of Chanute Utility, KS City of Columbiana Public Utility, OH City of Edmond Utility, OK

Public Power Utilities (cont’d) City of Gunnison Public Utility, CO City of Holdrege, NE City of Lake City Electric Utility, MN City of Lamar Utility, MO City of Mansfield, GA City of Mesa Electric Utility, AZ City of Naperville Dept. of Public Utilities, IL City of Redding Electric Utility, CA City of Safford, AZ City of St. Charles Utility, IL City Utilities of Springfield, MO Clark Public Utility (Vancouver, WA) Clarksville Dept. of Electricity, TN Clintonville Water & Electric Plant, WI Columbia Power & Water Systems, TN Concord Municipal Light Plant, MA Cowlitz County PUD (Longview, WA) CPS Energy (San Antonio, TX) Cumberland Municipal Utility, WI

Public Power Utilities (cont’d) Cuyahoga Falls Electric Dept., OH Danvers Electric Division, MA Danville Dept. Utilities, VA Douglas County PUD (East Wenatchee, WA) Emerald People’s Utility District (Eugene, OR) Energy Northwest (Richland, WA) Erwin Utilities, TN Farmington Electric Utility System, NM Frankfort Electric & Water Plant Board, KY Freeport Electric, NY Gainesville Regional Utility, FL Garland Power & Light, TX Hagerstown Municipal Light Dept., IN Heber Light & Power Co., UT Imperial Irrigation District Independence Light & Power, IA Indianola Municipal Utilities, IA Jackson Utilities & Public Works, MO

Public Power Utilities Kansas City Board of Public Utilities, KS Kaukauna Utilities, WI Kirkwood Electric Department, MO Klickitat County PUD, Goldendale, WA Lakeland Electric, FL Lebanon Utilities, IN Lewes Board of Public Works, DE Lewis County PUD (Chehalis, WA) Lodi Electric, CA Long Island Power Authority Loup River Public Power District (Columbus, NE) Lower Colorado River Authority MA. Municipal Wholesale Electric Company Maquoketa Municipal Electric Utility, IA McMinnville Electric System, TN McMinnville Water & Light, OR Meade Municipal Plant, KS Monmouth Power & Light, OR Murray City Power (Murray, UT)

Public Power Utilities (cont’d) Nebraska Public Power District (Columbus, NE) New York Power Authority Omaha Public Power Pacific County PUD No. 2 (Raymond, WA) Paducah Power System, KY Paris Board of Public Utilities, TN Pasadena Water & Power, CA Pend Oreille County PUD (Newport, WA) Piedmont Municipal Power Agency (Greer, SC) Princeton Municipal Utility, NJ Red Cloud Municipal Electric Dept., NE Rochester Public Utility, MN Rock Falls Electric Dept., IL Rock Hill Utilities, SC Roseville Electric, CA Sacramento Municipal Utility District Salt River Project (Phoenix, AZ) Scottsboro Electric Power Board, AL

Public Power Utilities (cont’d) Seattle City Light, WA Shelby Division of Electricity & Telecommunications, OH Snohomish County PUD (Everett, WA) Solvay Electric Dept., NY Southern California Public Power Authority (Pasadena) Spencerport Electric Dept., NY Stephen Municipal Utilities, MN Stoughton Utilities, WI Tell City Electric Dept., IN Town of Haxtun, CO Truckee-Donner PUD (Truckee, CA) Utilities Plus/CMMPA (Blue Earth, MN) Vermont Public Power Supply Authority Village of Paw Paw (Paw Paw, MI) Village of Rouses Point, NY Wadsworth Electric and Communications, OH Washington Public Utility District Association (Olympia) Watertown Municipal Utilities, SD Waverly Light & Power, IA Willmar Municipal Utilities Comm., MN Wisconsin Public Power Inc. (Sun Prairie, WI)