Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water Food Pyramid

Digestion of Carbohydrates Three enzymes required  -amylase  -amylase Debranching Enzyme  -amylase  -amylase Debranching Enzyme

Digestion of Carbohydrates debranching enzyme

Digestion of Fats Require Bile Salts for Solubilization Require Lipases to Break Down Transported via Chylomicrons

Transport of Fats

Digestion of Proteins Proteases hydrolyze the peptide bond Different proteases cleave proteins at specific positions Chymotrypsin Cleavage Sites

Specificity of Proteases Chymotrpsin –Cleaves after large nonpolar residues Tyrpsin –Cleaves after Arg and Lys residues Elastase –Cleaves after small nonpolar residues

Regulation of Proteases and Lipases: Proenzymes Enzyme Cascades – 1  10  1000  10000

Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic (18C, 2 Double Bonds) Linolenic (18C, 3 Double Bonds)

Vitamins Required for Normal Growth and Function Organic Molecules Synthetically Complex Precursors to Enzyme Cofactors Grouped as Water-soluble or Fat-soluble

Water vs. Fat-soluble Vitamins

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C

Vitamin C Deficiency Leads to Scurvy

Collagen

Vitamin C

Vitamin K is Required for Clot Formation

Background on Folate and B 12 Metabolism. Case Study of Folate Deficiency and Biochemical Considerations

Folic Acid is reduced to THF Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is reduced to THF Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is reduced to THF Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is Converted to THF thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF) Thymine (T)Uracil (U)

Folic Acid is Converted to THF thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity