ابتسام الشديEbtesam Al-sheddi Email: ebtesam.saad@yahoo.com Site: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/10252

413 PHG 50% by Dr.Ebtesam S. Al-Sheddi -15 marks midterm exam 20 marks final exam 50% by Dr. Areej Al-Taweel -15 marks midterm exam -20 marks final exam Lab : 30 marks: - Practical exam 413 PHG

Course description The course will cover the following subjects: Vitamins Minerals Allergens Biologics

By the end of the course You should be able to know: What are the Water soluble vitamins What are the Fat soluble vitamins The recommended dose, function, deficiency and the toxicity of each vitamin. What are the micro and macro-minerals The recommended dose, function, deficiency and the toxicity of each mineral. What are allergens and the different types. What are biologics and the different types

Presented By: Ebtesam Al-Sheddi Vitamins lecture 1 Presented By: Ebtesam Al-Sheddi

vitamins An organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organisms. It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.

13 Vitamins for good health: 2 groups Water soluble vitamins B group: B1 thiamin B2 riboflavin B3 niacin B5 pantothenic acid B6 pyridoxine B7 bitoin B9 folic acid B 12 cyanocobalmin Vitamin C ascorbic acid Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Fat versus water soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins Dissolve in fat Require bile acids to be dissolved and then absorbed. enter the lymph, then the blood Can be stored in body: liver, adipose tissue. Toxicity is possible. Water-soluble vitamins Dissolve in water. Easily absorbed. Not stored in large quantities. Execrated via urine. Generally non-toxic.

Fat soluble vitamins vitamin A Generally called retinol. It is a group of compounds with the biological activity of retinol. These compounds include: Provitamin A and Preformed vitamin A

Preformed vitamin A Provitamin A Animal source Called retinoids: Retinol (key player) and retinyl ester (retinylpalmitates). Consist of 4 isoprene units (C20) Plant source Called carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Consist of 8 isoprene units (C40)

Retinoids and carotenoids are precursors for the biosynthesis of 2 essential metabolites of vitamin A: 11-cis-retinal and all-trans-retinoic acid.

Vitamin A functions 11- cis- retinal All trans-retinoic acid Required for night and color vision. Formed in retina. Component of visual pigments (rhodospin rods) that present in retina. The most bioactive form. Required for: regulation of embryonic development and growth and reproduction. maintenance of epithelial tissue and repair of body tissues. proper function of immune system Carotenoids Serve as antioxidants .

Source: Preformed: liver, milk, ready eat cereal, margarine and egg. Provitamin: carrot, cantaloupe, sweet potato and spinach. Recommended daily allowance (RDA) = 4000 – 5000 IU (International Units). 1 IU from 0.3 µg of retinol or 0.6 µg of β-carotene

Vitamin A deficiency More obvious deficiency symptoms than other vitamins Night blindness Leading cause of blindness in third world countries Cell keratinization Dry skin (treatment and pregnancy?) Xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea & conjunctiva) Reproductive failure Abnormal skeletal development/maintenance Immune dysfunction Respiratory infection.

Hypervitaminosis A Skeletal malformations, spontaneous fractures, internal hemorrhages Overconsumption of beta carotene from food sources may cause skin to turn yellow but is not harmful Birth defects and miscarriage Decalcification, joint pain, fragility Dry itchy skin (caution about acne treatments) Hair loss Liver damage

Fat soluble vitamins vitamin D The two major forms are vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol, plant version vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol, animal version (Calciferol)

Vitamin D2 (made from ergosterol) Vitamin D3 is made in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with ultraviolet light. Vitamin D3 is biologically inert, must undergo two hydroxylation reactions to be activated in the body. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D

Vitamin D - Functions Regulation of bone health, calcium, and phosphorus Regulation of muscle composition and muscle function Prevention of cancer Regulation of immune system Regulation of insulin and blood sugar Regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular health

Sourses Vitamin D is naturally produced by the human body when exposed to direct sunlight. Expose hands, face, arms 2-3 x/week for 5-10 minutes each time. Milk, yogurt, margarine, cereals, bread, pastries fortified with vitamin D2 and/or vitamin D3. Egg cod liver oil and salmon Adequate Intake (AI) for VitaminD • 5 ug/d (200 IU/day) for adults under age 51 • 10-15 ug/day (400 - 600 IU/day) for older adults –May need combination of fortified foods

Vitamin D deficiency impaired bone mineralization and leads to bone softening diseases, rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and possibly contributes to osteoporosis.

Hypervitaminosis D Hypercalcemia High blood pressure Anorexia, nausea and vomiting These symptoms are often followed by polyuria, polydepsia, weakness, nervousness, pruritus, and eventually renal failure