Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS1 Technician briefing Please see separate document for Mount Ashley Student Sheet 1 (Student Technician Briefing)

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS2 Volcano alert levels Some signs of volcanic activity. Eruption about to happen or has already started. Evacuate immediately! Possible warning signs of an eruption. Consider preparing or starting evacuation. Orange No sign of volcanic activity. Evacuate 1 EruptionSS2 Volcano alert levels Some signs of volcanic activity. Eruption about to happen or has already started. Evacuate immediately! Possible warning signs of an eruption. Consider preparing or starting evacuation. Orange

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Cut out the shapes. Stick them together on a clamp stand to make a red flag. Evacuate 1 Eruption SS3 Instructions

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Emergency Planning Map – North Team Evacuate 1 EruptionSS4 You will monitor hazards in the North Sector. You must advise the Mayor of Charlottesville if and when he needs to order an evacuation. north sector east sector south sector

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Emergency Planning Map – East Team Evacuate 1 EruptionSS5 You will monitor hazards in the East Sector. You must advise the Mayor of Anchorbay if and when he needs to order an evacuation. The mayor is also responsible for the Oil Terminal. east sector north sector south sector

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original south sector Emergency Planning Map – South Team Evacuate 1 EruptionSS6 You will monitor hazards in the South Sector. You must advise the Mayor of Francisco City if and when she needs to order an evacuation. north sector east sector

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Team leader briefing – East TeamTeam leader briefing – North Team Evacuate 1 EruptionSS7SS8Evacuate 1 Eruption You will lead a team of scientists monitoring North Sector. The team must advise the Mayor of Charlottesville if and when to order an evacuation of the city. Your team has scientists who are experts in different areas of science: You also have a media officer and a communications officer. You will chair regular monitoring meetings. At each meeting, your scientists will recommend volcano alert levels, based on their own evidence. The communications officer will record these levels. You must lead a discussion to agree an overall alert level to tell the Mayor of Charlottesville. At any point you can raise your red flag to warn the mayor that your team recommends an immediate evacuation. Seismology (earth tremors) Geochemistry (gas monitoring) Air surveillance Geodesy (volcano dome shape) You will lead a team of scientists monitoring East Sector. The team must advise the Mayor of Anchorbay City if and when to order an evacuation of the city. Your team has scientists who are experts in different areas of science: You also have a media officer and a communications officer. You will chair regular monitoring meetings. At each meeting, your scientists will recommend volcano alert levels, based on their own evidence. The communications officer will record these levels. You must lead a discussion to agree an overall alert level to tell the Mayor of Anchorbay City. At any point you can raise your red flag to warn the mayor that your team recommends an immediate evacuation. Seismology (earth tremors) Geochemistry (gas monitoring) Air surveillance Geodesy (volcano dome shape)

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Team leader briefing – South Team Evacuate 1 EruptionSS9 You will lead a team of scientists monitoring South Sector. The team must advise the Mayor of Francisco City if and when to order an evacuation of the city. Your team has scientists who are experts in different areas of science: You also have a media officer and a communications officer. You will chair regular monitoring meetings. At each meeting, your scientists will recommend volcano alert levels, based on their own evidence. The communications officer will record these levels. You must lead a discussion to agree an overall alert level to tell the Mayor of Francisco. At any point you can raise your red flag to warn the mayor that your team recommends an immediate evacuation. Seismology (earth tremors) Geochemistry (gas monitoring) Air surveillance Geodesy (volcano dome shape)

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original spring weight pen Paper fixed to rotating drum Seismologist briefing 2 – Earth tremors Evacuate 1 eruptionSS10 Last summer you climbed the volcano to install a seismometer on the North slopes of the volcano. This detected the first Earth tremor. You now have three new seismometers. Mark on the map where you want the field team to install them. If magma starts moving inside the volcano it can make the earth shake. This is an earth tremor. Seismologist briefing 1 – Earth tremors SeismogramInterpretation Flat – no earth tremors. Minor earthquake or small volcanic tremors. Regular tremor pattern – often recorded at volcanoes when magma moves. Small regular earth tremors – often mean magma is moving. Larger tremor. Large continuous Earth tremor. Eruption will happen soon – or has already started! You will analyse the patterns drawn by seismometer pens. The bigger the tremor, the further the pen moves from side to side. The patterns can also tell you about the speed of earth tremors, when they happened and how long they lasted.

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Air surveillance BriefingGeochemist Briefing- sulfur dioxide levels You spent the last week finding an aeroplane and a pilot willing to fly regularly over the volcano. Mark the flight path on the map for field team. If magma starts moving, the volcano may release sulfur dioxide gas. You will fly over the volcano and use gas monitoring equipment to measure the amount of sulfur dioxide in the air. You will collect data over days and weeks, and plot graphs to help you spot patterns. A sudden increase in the amount of sulfur dioxide may mean that magma is near the surface, and the volcano is ready to erupt. SO 2 Tonnes per dayInterpretation Less than 50Normal levels Magma present More than 2 000Magma rising More than Eruption about to happen, or has already started. You spent the last week finding an aeroplane and pilot willing to make regular flights circling around the volcano. Mark the flight path on the map for the field team. If magma starts moving in the volcano the surface temperature will increase. Snow and ice may melt. You will fly regularly over the volcano to look for melt water streams, ice holes or mud flows. Your observations are vital. You can give instant warnings of hazards such as mud flows or ash plumes from the crater. Catastrophe Evacuate 1SS11SS12Catastrophe Evacuate 1

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Geodecist briefing 2 – dome growth Evacuate 1 EruptionSS13 Geodecist briefing 1 – dome growth Last year you installed a tiltmeter and an electronic measuring device (EDM) on the edge of a small dome of magma in centre of the volcano’s crater. Mark the crater on the map in the centre of the volcano. Mark the dome in the centre of the crater. Mark the locations of the tiltmeter and EDM for the field team. If magma starts moving in the volcano, a dome may rise up in the crater. If the dome builds quickly, the volcano may be ready to erupt. As the dome grows the ground tilts more and more. You will use tiltmeter data to see how quickly the dome grows. The EDM measures the distance from a point inside the crater to a point on the edge of the crater. When the dome forces the central point up, the distance to the edge of the crater gets less. So if EDM measurements suddenly decrease the volcano may be ready to erupt.

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS14 Media officer briefing The media are very interested in the volcano. International TV crews are hoping for dramatic shots. Local radio stations and newspapers want to keep local people informed. Your job is to deal with the media. You will give interviews and answer journalists’ questions. To do your job, you need to know what all the volcanologists on your team are doing. You must find out what data they are collecting, and what they think it means. You must also keep up to date with the views of the whole team, and the threat levels they decide on. Use the Alert Level Chart to help you keep track. Communications officer briefing The scientific work of your team must be communicated to local authorities in a way they can understand. They need to know what is happening on the volcano and what this means. They need enough time to evacuate people safely without causing panic. Your job is to communicate with the emergency services and local emergency planners, led by the mayor. To do your job, you need to know what all the volcanologists on your team are doing. You must find out what data they are collecting, and what they think it means. You must also keep up to date with the views of the whole team, and the threat levels they decide on. Use the Alert Level Chart to help you keep track. Evacuate 1 EruptionSS15

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Seismometer Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption SS16

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Sulfur dioxide Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption SS17

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Air Surveillance This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption SS18

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Dome growth This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption SS19

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption Mayor’s script Good morning everyone, and thanks for tuning in. I’m here to appeal for calm. Many of you remember the 1980 eruption – the ash that fell; the gases that entered our lungs; the mud that wrecked homes. I am aware of the fear you feel. I know you want to be safe. But please do not leave yet. I have gathered together the best volcanologists on the planet. We have experts in seismology, in dome growth and in gas detection. Every day, brave pilots fly scientists over the volcano. They will spot tell- tale signs long before we need to leave – IF WE DO. Please do not leave yet. If we all evacuate, there will be no-one to care for our homes, our businesses, our pets. The economy will be ruined. Friends and neighbours will be parted for ever. So let our volcanologists do their jobs. If we need to evacuate, they will tell me immediately. I will be the first to tell you. SS20

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Seismology data Evacuate 1 EruptionSS21 Sulfur dioxide data Evacuate 1 EruptionSS22 DayTimeWhat the evidence shows DayTimeSulfur dioxide level (tonnes / day) Change in level

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Air surveillance Evacuate 1 EruptionSS23 DayTimeWhat the evidence shows

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Catastrophe Evacuate 1 Data from Tiltmeter in the crater. The bigger the tilt, the more the dome is growing. Data from the Electronic Distance Measurer. As the dome gets bigger the distance to the edge of the crater gets less. Photographs SS 24 DayTimeTiltChange Dome growth data DayTimeTiltChange DayTime Description of photo Conclusion

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Alert level chart Day and time SeismologistsGeochemists (sulfur dioxide) Air surveillanceGeodecists (dome growth) Overall team alert level, taking into account evidence from all scientists. Tuesday 9.00 am After each meeting (except Monday 9.00 am): Communication officer – Colour boxes to show alert levels recommended by individual scientists. All – Discuss to decide on overall team alert level. Evacuate 1 EruptionSS25

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Seismology data Evacuate 1 EruptionSS26 Seismology Monday 3.00 pm Seismology Tuesday 3.00 pm Seismology Wednesday 3.00 pm Seismology Monday pm Seismology Tuesday pm Seismology Wednesday pm Seismology Tuesday am Seismology Wednesday 7.00 am Seismology Thursday 6.00 am

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS27 Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 490 Monday 3.00 pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 3550 Tuesday 3.00 pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 260 Wednesday 3.00 pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 720 Monday pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 5020 Tuesday pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 1180 Wednesday pm Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 1720 Tuesday am Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day No data – pilot refused to fly Wednesday 7.00 am Sulfur dioxide, tonnes/day 1480 Thursday 6.00 am Sulphur dioxide data

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS28 Air surveillance Location: Northern slopes near crater Observation: Melt water stream. No steam visible from crater. Monday 3.00 pm Air surveillance Location: Northern slopes Observation: Hole in ice near crater. Steam rising from hole but none from the main crater itself. Tuesday 3.00 pm Air surveillance Location: Crater Observation: Release of ash and steam. Probably a small steam explosion. Wednesday 3.00 pm Air surveillance Location: Northern slope Observation: Long melt water stream draining towards river. Monday pm Air surveillance Location: Northern slopes Observation: Hole in ice near crater. Steam rising from hole. Tuesday pm Air surveillance Location: Lower southern slopes Observation: Two more big mud flows draining towards river valley. River running very fast and very high. Wednesday pm Air surveillance Location: Southern slopes Observation: Small mud flow Tuesday am Air surveillance Location: Southern slopes Observation: Large mud flow reaching as far as River Fran. Wednesday 7.00 am Air surveillance No observations – pilot refused to fly. Thursday 6.00 am Air surveillance data

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS29 Dome growth data (tilt in microradians) 750 Monday 3.00 pm Dome growth data (tilt in microradians) 1000 Tuesday 3.00 pm Dome growth data (tilt in microradians) 2000 Wednesday 3.00 pm Dome growth data (EDM in cm) 20 Monday pm Dome growth data (EDM in cm) 40 Tuesday pm Dome growth data (EDM in cm) 100 Wednesday pm Dome growth data (image) No photo available Tuesday am Dome growth data (image) Wednesday am Dome growth data (image) No flights, but this image has just been processed from infra-red equipment used yesterday. Max temperature more than 273 °C Thursday 6.00 am Dome growth data

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS30 From: To: We are planning an eruption update on our local lunchtime TV news show tomorrow. Can you be ready for filming at midday? From: To: We are planning an eruption update on our local lunchtime TV news show tomorrow. Can you be ready for filming at midday? From: To: We are planning an eruption update on our local lunchtime TV news show tomorrow. Can you be ready for filming at midday? Media cards

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS31 Chance card 1 Volcanic gases made it hard for you to breathe on the volcano today. Give your data to another member of your team. Then go home and rest. Come back tomorrow afternoon if you’re better. Tuesday pm Chance card 2 Two of your team’s seismometers are no longer sending back data. Tell your seismologist this news. Do not collect seismology data tomorrow morning. Tuesday pm Chance card 3 Your plane comes down on top of the volcano. You do not come out alive. Move to a quiet part of the room and observe what all the teams are doing. Tuesday pm Chance card 4 You heard a local radio report over breakfast today. The reporter said the River Fran is running very fast and very high, even though it’s not rained recently. She said locals think the volcano is heating up, and melting the snow on its slopes. Wednesday 7.00 am Chance cards

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 EruptionSS32 What Happened Next? NorthWhat Happened Next? SouthWhat Happened Next? East Decision: Evacuate before Tuesday 9.00am. Thousands lose their homes in the massive eruption but all make it to safety in an orderly evacuation. Decision: Evacuate between Tuesday 9.00am and Wednesday 9.00 am Thousands lose their homes in the massive eruption but most make it to safety. Sadly, 400 people die trapped in cars on the main road out of the city. Decision: No evacuation Charlottesville is a ghost city. Many thousands die. A few hundred people, who ignore official advice, make it out in time. Decision: Evacuate between Tuesday 9.00 am and Wednesday 9.00 am. Residents from the waterfront area make it safely to emergency shelters before a huge mud flow hits. Decision: Evacuate between Tuesday 9.00 am and Wednesday 9.00 am The wind blows ash northwards, leaving Anchorbay untouched. An enquiry has started asking why such a big evacuation was ordered at vast public expense. Decision: No evacuation Public order is being restored after mass panic led to huge tailbacks on the main road out of town when there was no official evacuation order. Decision: No evacuation Rescue crews are still searching for survivors in the centre of the city. Hundreds die as they are swept away by a huge mud flow. Decision : Evacuate before Tuesday 9.00am Most residents are safe in emergency shelters when a huge mud flow hits the city, but around 100 lives are lost when some people decide to go home later on Tuesday since no mud flow seems to be coming. Decision: Evacuate before Tuesday 9.00am The wind blows ash northwards, leaving Anchorbay untouched. Public officials are worried that residents may ignore eruption warnings in future. An enquiry is launched into the wasting of public money - many people had to be housed and fed for a long time. Decision: Evacuate after Wednesday 9.00am Thousands lose their homes in the massive eruption and 1000 people make it to safety. Many thousands die trapped in cars on the main road out of the city. Decision: Evacuate after Wednesday am. Evacuation in progress when mud flow hits. Hundreds make it to safely but around 100 lives lost.

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Evacuate 1 Eruption How did your team get on? Your team had an important problem to solve – should the mayor order an evacuation? When? Answer the questions to help you think about how your team tackled the problem. SS33 What were the specialisms of the scientists in your team? Why did your team need scientists with different specialisms? Give an example of when the people in your team collaborated (worked together) well. Imagine you had only your own data. Would your own advice have been the same as the advice of your team? Why? Do you think that collaboration (working together) helped you give good advice? Why? Evacuate 1 Eruption How did your team get on? Your team had an important problem to solve – should the mayor order an evacuation? When? Answer the questions to help you think about how your team tackled the problem. SS33 What were the specialisms of the scientists in your team? Why did your team need scientists with different specialisms? Give an example of when the people in your team collaborated (worked together) well. Imagine you had only your own data. Would your own advice have been the same as the advice of your team? Why? Do you think that collaboration (working together) helped you give good advice? Why?

Activity from the Catastrophe unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science This page may have been changed from the original Picture Slide Credit Volcano 12www.avo.alaska.edu Seismographic 16 top: vulcan.wr.tracesusgs.gov bottom: volcanoes.usgs.gov Picture credits: