What is Environmental Engineering? CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis January 15, 2010

Announcements  No class Monday due to holiday  Wednesday lab meet at the ISU Power Plant – see map on course website website  Air Pollution Problems Chapter 7: 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 due 1/25/2010 Chapter 7: 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 due 1/25/2010 CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions. ASCE Definition: CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Furthermore, it is concerned with engineering problems in the field of public health, such as control of arthropod-borne diseases, the elimination of industrial health hazards, and the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of technological advances on the environment (ASCE, 1977). CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Environmental Engineering  Air pollution Control devices Control devices Permitting Permitting Modeling Modeling  Water (surface and groundwater): Treatment & disinfection Treatment & disinfection Storage and distribution Storage and distribution Dispersion Dispersion Quality Quality  Wastewater  Solid Wastes  Hazardous Wastes  Radioactive Wastes  Integrated Systems  Pollution Prevention  Other – noise and light pollution CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

AIR POLLUTION CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Outdoor air pollution  Air pollution = material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate and harm organisms, including humans  Air pollution can come from human-made chemicals and causes, but the majority is from natural sources.

Natural sources of air pollution dust storms fires volcanoes

Air Pollution Factoids   Americans make the equivalent of 3 million round trips to the moon each year in their automobiles.   National air quality levels have shown significant improvements over the last 40 years in the U.S.   Since 1970, aggregate emissions of the six principal pollutants have been cut by 52%, while the gross domestic product has increased 164%, energy consumption has increased 42%, and vehicle miles traveled has increased 155%.   130 million tons of pollution are emitted into the air each year in the U.S.

 Emissions of all of these, especially lead and carbon monoxide, have substantially declined since Figure 11.12

Air Pollution Factoids   Approximately 146 million people live in counties where monitored air in 2002 was unhealthy at times because of high levels of at least one of the six principal air pollutants   the vast majority of areas that experienced unhealthy air did so because of one or both of two pollutants - ozone and particulates, PM 10   Clear Skies legislation currently being considered would mandate additional reductions of 70% from current emission levels from power plants through a cap and trade program   Of the six pollutants (NO X, Ozone, SO X, PM 10, CO, lead) ground level ozone has been the slowest to achieve reductions

Air pollution Episodes  Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, deaths  Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Halloween weekend  London, England, 1952 – 4000 deaths

Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930 – zinc smelters, deaths

Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 – 23 deaths over Halloween weekend

Donora, PA

Central London during the killer smog, December At this point, visibility is less than 30 feet. During the height of the smog, people could not see their own hands or feet, and buses had to be led by policemen walking with flares. Credit: 'When Smoke Ran Like Water', by Devra Davis, Perseus Books As the amount of smoke and pollutants in the air shot up during the week of Dec. 5, 1952, so did the death rate in greater London. Estimates say the smog killed anywhere from 4,000 to 11,000 people. Credit: Paul Lioy, Rutgers University London, England, 1952 – 4000 deaths

Smog: Sulfur Dioxide, Acidic Aerosols and Soot (particulates)

Primary vs. secondary standards  Primary standard -  Primary standard - to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety  Secondary standard -  Secondary standard -to protect public welfare (plants, animals, and property) CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Primary vs. secondary pollutants  Primary pollutant - discharged directly into the atmosphere (e.g., automobile exhaust)  Secondary pollutant -formed in the atmosphere through a variety of chemical reactions (e.g., photochemical smog) CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Stationary vs. mobile sources  Stationary Sources Contribute approximately 40% of total air pollution Contribute approximately 40% of total air pollution 98% of SO X,98% of SO X, 95% of particulates,95% of particulates, 56% of total hydrocarbons,56% of total hydrocarbons, 53% of NO X, and53% of NO X, and 22% of CO22% of CO CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Stationary vs. mobile sources  Mobile Sources Contribute approximately 60% of total air pollution Contribute approximately 60% of total air pollution 78% of CO,78% of CO, 47% of NO X,47% of NO X, 44% of total hydrocarbons,44% of total hydrocarbons, 5% of particulates, and5% of particulates, and 2% of SO X2% of SO X CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Source: WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R National Emissions Inventory from EPASee:

Effects of air pollution  Damage to human health and welfare  Damage to vegetation and animals  Damage to materials and structures Abrasion Abrasion Deposition and removal Deposition and removal Direct chemical attack Direct chemical attack Indirect chemical attack Indirect chemical attack Electrochemical cell Electrochemical cell  Damage to the atmosphere, soil, and water CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Air Pollution Effects Statue damaged by acid rain Melon leaves damaged by ozone Feedlot

Definitions   criteria pollutant – pollutant that is regulated based on health or environmental criteria   NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards - revised in 1987, set air quality standards.   SIP – State Initiation Plan to achieve air quality standard   AQR – Air Quality Region – areas that have air quality that meets primary standards is classified as an attainment area, if not, then it’s a non-attainment area.   NESHAPs – National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants   MACT – Maximum Achievable Control Technology also BACT – best available control technology) – the best available control equipment that is technologically feasible and is currently available.   NSPS – New Source Performance Standards CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University

Seven Major Pollutants of Concern 1.Particulates 2.Sulfur Oxides (SO X ) 3.Ozone 4.Nitrogen Oxides (NO X ) 5.Carbon Monoxide (CO and other hyrdrocarbons) 6. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -Most of the 188 pollutants identified by 1970 Clean Air Act are VOCs. 7.Lead (& others: mercury, other inorganic metals, radon, HCl) CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering, Copyright © 2010 Tim Ellis, Iowa State University