Non-verbal Communication The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't being said. – Peter Drucker MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication We are constantly communicating– even if we say nothing at all. Communication beyond words ….. Non-verbal cues communicate 65% of the message - Birdwhistell (1970) 90% of the meaning of a message is transmitted non-verbally - Fromkin and Rodman (1983) . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication What is non-verbal communication? …. anything other than word utterances is non-verbal communication, i.e. any communication that takes place using non-linguistic signs, or “non word signs” .... difficult to draw a boundary between verbal and “non” (throat clearance noise??) . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication NV messages can be communicated through gesture body language or posture facial expression and eye contact object communication such as clothing, hairstyles architecture symbols and infographics . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication The first scientific study of nonverbal communication: Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Influences Culture interpretation of non-verbal signs is often subconscious and hence culture-dependent facial expression agreement across boundaries …. but extent is culture dependent (Japanese!) interpretation is again culture-dependent Gender women smile more often than men (good for them!) changes based on same or opposite gender . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication …. Influences Age Personal Idiosyncrasies No pattern Situational factors Timing Size (of audience, platform) (Actors make exaggerated gestures in theatre) . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Types Kinesics (body) movement as a factor in non-verbal behaviour Chronemics use of time in non-verbal communication Oculesics visual contact on the perceived message. Haptics describes touching behaviour Proxemics personal space usage Paralanguage non-word utterances and other non-verbal clues relatively closely related to language use. Appearance, Symbolism, Olfactory . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Types Kinesics emblems - non-verbal messages that have a verbal counterpart - goodbye wave illustrators - less clearly linked to specific sayings or words affect displays - body or facial movements that display a certain affective state regulators - regulate, modulate and maintain flow of speech during a conversation adapters - postural changes and other movements at a low level of awareness . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Types Kinesics emblems - non-verbal messages that have a verbal counterpart - goodbye wave illustrators - less clearly linked to specific sayings or words affect displays - body or facial movements that display a certain affective state regulators - regulate, modulate and maintain flow of speech during a conversation adapters - postural changes and other movements at a low level of awareness . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Types Oculesics looking (where?!) while talking and listening can indicate interest, attention, involvement variation in amount of gaze, frequency of glances, blink rate etc. Haptics Touching others: Handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, hand, lips), high 5’s, back slapping, brushing an arm, shoulder pat Touching oneself picking, scratching, licking, holding Show intention and feelings of the communicator Interpretation is person, context relationship, culture . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Types Chronesics Punctuality, willingness to wait, speed of speech, how long will people listen The stage for communication is set by the way we perceive, structure and react to time Monochronic time schedule (M-time) time can be controlled or wasted by individuals emphasis is on the use of time schedules and appointments people tend to do one thing at a time Polychronic time schedule (P-time) personal involvement is more important than schedules emphasis on personal relationships rather than appointments . MC1 Praxis Business School

Non-verbal Communication Proxemics Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no “right” to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. . MC1 Praxis Business School