Saving for a Rainy Day Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank account. 1. What are the benefits of having a bank account? 2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money? 3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities? 4. What does your body do when it needs energy? Section 8-1 Interest Grabber

Chapter 7 Nutrition Chapter 8 Prentice Hall text

Why do we need energy???

Copy these two Note cards down! FrontBack ATP Energy Mitochondria Cellular Respiration 1.(3) phosphate groups 2.Ribose 3. Adenine

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do. As food (glucose) in the cells is gradually oxidized (broken-down), the released energy is used to re-form the ATP so that the cell always maintains a supply of this essential molecule.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) The energy currency of life. –Chemical energy (Fuel) stored and release for the body –Cells Use to store and release energy – 3 parts: AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups

ATP Structural Formula

ADPATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Section 8-1 Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

ADPATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Section 8-1 Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

ATP ATP Synthesis

ATP Cycle

Section 8-1 ATP Chemical Energy

Hydrolysis of ATP H20 + ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY Dehydration Synthesis of ATP ADP + P + ENERGY  H20 + ATP ATP Cycle

Nutrition

The activities by which living things obtain or (create food) and process it for growth and repair of their body cells. Two Types: Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition “Not to eat”

Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food. **Photosynthetic: converts inorganic materials (H2O, CO2) into an organic usable form (glucose) Heterotroph: must obtain their nutrients from their environment **cannot convert sunlight Section 8-1 Types of Nutrition

Is algae a plant? What organisms produce the most free atmospheric (usable) oxygen?

Is algae a plant? Algae, like land plants, capture the sun’s energy and support the food web that leads to fish and shellfish.

Is algae a plant? They occur in a size range from tiny microscopic cells floating in the water column (phytoplankton) to large mats of visible “macroalgae” that grow on bottom sediments.

75% of the earth oxygen Global Biomass: < 1% of the plant biomass on earth BUT responsible for nearly half the net photosynthesis of the biosphere!

What is phytoplankton? Phytoplankton: (from the Greek words phytos = plant and planktos = wanderer) litPhytoplankton, microscopic plant life that floats freely in the lit surface waters, may alter the color of the water.

What is phytoplankton? When a great number of the microscopic plants are concentrated in an area, the color of the ocean surface will change. This is called a "bloom." This photograph shows such a change in color.

What is phytoplankton?

Autotrophic Autotrophs can make their own Food (Glucose) Plant, algae, and some bacteria 2 types 2 types Chemo synthesisPhotosynthesis Chemo synthesis Photosynthesis  Uses chemicals Like Sulfur and Nitrogen to Make its’ own food Re: Ingest, digest, egest All Animal and fungi, All Animal and fungi, some bacteria Types of Digestion: 1.Mechanical/physical using teeth to chew using teeth to chew 2.Chemical using enzymes+ acids using enzymes+ acids Where it Takes place: Intracellular DigIntracellular Dig Extracellular DigExtracellular Dig  Uses sunlight, CO2 And water to create sugar.  Uses 2 reactions a. Light reaction b. Dark reaction Heterotrophic

Why is it important? Microscopic plant life is at the base of the marine food web and is the primary food and energy source for the ocean ecosystem. Phytoplankton converts sunlight with the help of the green pigment chlorophyll. The chlorophyll pigments in the plants absorb light, and the plants themselves scatter light. Together, these processes change the color of the ocean as seen by an observer looking downward into the sea. Very productive water with a lot of plankton appears blue-green. Very pure water appears deep-blue, almost black.

A.Investigating Photosynthesis 1.Van Helmont’s Experiment 2.Priestley’s Experiment 3.Jan Ingenhousz B.The Photosynthesis Equation C.Light and Pigments Section 8-2 8–2Photosynthesis: An Overview

Which Wavelengths are the best for photosynthetic plants? Which Wavelength is the worst?

Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b VBGYOR Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Section 8-2

Trapping Energy Have you ever used a solar-powered calculator? No matter where you go, as long as you have a light source, the calculator works. You never have to put batteries in it. Section 8-2 Interest Grabber

1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? 2.Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? 3.Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? 4.What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? Section 8-2 Interest Grabber continued

8–3The Reactions of Photosynthesis A.Inside a Chloroplast B.Electron Carriers C.Light-Dependent Reactions D.The Calvin Cycle E.Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Section 8-3 Section Outline

includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Section 8-3 Do Now

Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent Reactions, photolysis GranaEnergy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts Section 8-3 Do Now Light independent reaction, dark reaction,Calvin cycle ATP NADPH High-energy sugars Stroma

Light Energy Chloroplast CO 2 + H 2 O Sugars + O 2 Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

Factors Affecting the rate of Photosynthesis 1.Temperature 2.Light Intensity 3.Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a: The green photosynthetic pigment common to all photosynthetic organisms. Chlorophyll b: An accessory chlorophyll found in green algae and plants. Chlorophyll c: An accessory chlorophyll found in some protistans.

is the process of using inorganic reactants to create organic molecules. It is composed of two major reactions.  The light Independent reaction:  aka photolysis, photochemical reaction  Occurs in the Grana  The Light Independent reaction:  aka Calvin Cycle, Dark Reaction  Occurs in the Stroma Photosynthesis

12 (H 2 O ) Oxygen (6O 2 ) ___+___+___  ___+___ 6(CO 2 ) C 6 H AKA Glucose

12 (H 2 O ) Oxygen (6O 2 ) ___+___+___  ___+___ 6(CO 2 ) C 6 H AKA Glucose Produc ts Reactants 

Chloroplast (H 2 O) Oxygen (6O 2 ) I am out of here! Light Reaction 12 WATE R molecules 12 WATE R molecules 12 Hydrogen (This all occurs In the Grana.) 12 Hydrogen NADPH + ATP AKAPhotolysis

Dark Reaction “Calvin Cycle” “Light Independent Reaction” 12 Hydrogen 6(CO 2 ) NADPH+ATP C 6 H (H 2 0) AKA Glucose (This all occurs in the Stroma.) Carbon Fixation

The Food Factory

Chloroplast water O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Chloroplast water O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Section 8-3 Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 ATP Formation

Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Photosynthesis

Video 3 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

Video 4 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

Video 5 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5 Calvin Cycle

Summary of some key points in Photosynthesis 1. Photosynthesis is the major energy-storing process of life (light energy stored as chemical energy in organic compounds) 2. CO 2 and H 2 O are raw materials 3. Products are sugar and oxygen 4. Light energy is absorbed by pigments and drives the reactions of photosynthesis 5. ATP and NADPH 2 are formed during the light reactions 6. Oxygen of water is liberated as a gas 7. Steps of Calvin Cycle are controlled by enzymes. 8. Light reactions occur in the grana Dark reactions occur in the stroma

OVERALL - use of light energy to generate two high-energy compounds, ATP and NADPH 2 1)ATP a)When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, some of its electrons become excited and leap out of the chlorophyll molecule, grabbed by energy receptors. b) The energy of these electrons is used to make ATP from ADP + Pi 2) NADPH 2 a)When light is absorbed by chlorophyll, some of its electrons become excited and leap out of the chlorophyll molecule, grabbed by energy receptors. b) These electrons are then used to convert NADP+ to NADPH 2 3) The lost electrons in chlorophyll are replaced from electrons of oxygen in water; When e- are removed from water, oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, water is split -> 2H+ (protons) + 2e- + 1/2 O 2 (gas) (Note - NADP+ + 2e- + 2H+ NADPH 2 ) Light Reaction,

NADPH nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) A substance to which electrons are transferred from photosystem I during photosynthesis;photosystem Iphotosynthesis the addition of the electrons reduces NADP, which acquires a hydrogen ion to form NADPH, which is a storage form of energy that can be transferred to the Calvin Cycle for the production of carbohydrate. See links

Dark Reaction Carbon-Fixing Reactions are also known as the Dark Reactions (or Light Independent Reactions). Carbon dioxide enters single-celled and aquatic autotrophs through no specialized structures, diffusing into the cells.autotrophs Land plants must guard against drying out (desiccation) and so have evolved specialized structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter and leave the leaf.stomata The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts (where would it occur in a prokaryote?). Carbon dioxide is captured by the chemical ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). RuBP is a 5-C chemical. Six molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin Cycle, eventually producing one molecule of glucose.Calvin Cycleribulose biphosphate (RuBP

What two structures do tracheophytes use to take in Carbon Dioxide?

Plants review: Vascular Tissue: –Xylem, transports water –Phloem, transports food Gas intake: –Guard cells open forming STOMATES –Lenticels in bark

Stomates and Guard cells

Plants: Leaf Cross Section

Leaf Cross section

End of Custom Shows

A Look Into the Future It is 100 years in the future and you are a research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere. Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesis 2. plant life 3. animal life 4. human societies Section 8-3 Interest Grabber

Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b VBGYOR Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Section 8-2 Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Section 8-3 Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

Chloroplast O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Light water

Video Contents Click a hyperlink to choose a video. ATP Formation Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2 Calvin Cycle Videos

Interne t ATP activity Interactive test For links on Calvin cycle, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn For links on photosynthesis, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn Go Online

Section 1 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers 1. What are the benefits of having a bank account? To save money and earn interest. 2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money? Go to the bank and take out the money you need. 3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities? Students will likely say that the body stores the energy. 4. What does your body do when it needs energy? Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food.

Section 2 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2.Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? Plants convert light energy into chemical energy. 3.Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? Leaves are green, as are some stems. 4.What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.

Section 3 Answer s Interest Grabber Answers Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesisThe rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight. 2. plant lifePlants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis. 3. animal lifeAnimal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available. 4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.