ATP Section 8-1 Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups Go to Section:

Adenosine Triphosphate = ATP Chemical compound which stores energy Cellular Energy used to: Break or form chemical bonds Change the shape of proteins Move molecules across plasma membrane (Active transport) Move cells (flagellum)

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Go to Section:

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Go to Section:

Photosynthesis

How did we figure out how plants work? Jan van Helmont Thought plants grew by taking material out of soil Planted a seedling in a pot of soil Watered daily After 5 years the tree gained 75 kg Soil mass did not change Figured out the -hydrate part of carbohydrate

How did we figure out how plants work? Joseph Priestly Placed a glass jar over a lit candle The flame went out Placed a live sprig of mint under the jar The candle burned much longer Deduced that the plant produced a substance needed for burning (oxygen)

How did we figure out how plants work? Jan Ingenhousz Priestly’s experiment only worked in sunlight Deduced that sunlight is required for oxygen to be made by plants

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2 Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2 Go to Section:

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2 Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a V B G Y O R Go to Section:

Chlorophyll Light absorbing molecule (pigment) Reflects green light wavelength (that’s why plants are green) Light energy excites electrons 2 types (a & b) Chlorophyll a absorbs red & violet wavelengths Chlorophyll b absorbs blue, orange, & red wavelengths

Chlorophyll Translation?  Plants under yellow & green light will carry out photosynthesis at a lower rate than the same type of plant under other colors (blue, violet, red). 

Inside a Chloroplast

Chloroplast Vocabulary Thylakoids – Photosynthetic membranes Grana – Stacks of thylakoids Stroma – Region outside of the thylakoid membranes Light Dependent Reactions occur within the thylakoids The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma

Light Dependent Reactions The light reactions use light & water which produce the oxygen "waste product". 

Light dependent reactions = photolysis Photolysis translates as light (photo-) splits (-lysis) The light energy is used to split the water molecule, which produces H+ & O- ions.

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3 Light O2 Sugars CO2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Go to Section:

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3 Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Chloroplast ATP synthase Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation Go to Section:

Excited electrons Electron transport = Electrons are moved by carrier molecules Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate = (Holds 2 high energy electrons & a hydrogen ion) This changes the molecule to NADPH NADP+

Hydrogen Ion Concentrations Hydrogen ions are pumped (via proton pump) into the thylakoid Concentration of hydrogen ions fuels the production of ATP from ADP as the hydrogen ions are sent back across the thylakoid membrane through an ATP synthase

Light Dependent Reactions End-Products Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3 Light Dependent Reactions End-Products ADP  ATP NADP+  NADPH Go to Section:

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Go to Section:

Calvin Cycle = Light Independent Reactions or Dark Reactions ATP & NADPH are not stable Energy needs to be changed into a stable form for storage

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle PGA RuBP PGAL Section 8-3 CO2 Enters the Cycle PGA Energy Input RuBP ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated PGAL 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds Go to Section:

Calvin Cycle Summary 6 carbon dioxide molecules bond to six 5-carbon molecules to produce twelve 3-carbon molecules ATP & NADPH (from light dependent reactions) are used to convert twelve 3-carbon molecules into higher energy forms Two 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle and used by the plant to form compounds The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted into six 5-carbon moecules which are used in the next cycle

Photosynthesis Summary

Photosynthesis Summary