Introduction to Photosynthesis & Respiration Molecular Biology Sumner HS Created by Mr. Woodbury, Modified by Mrs. Slater

Big Question How do organisms REALLY get the energy they need to survive? What is the relationship between life, matter and energy?

Review of the unit so far... Potential & Kinetic Energy (including food) Energy Transformations The Laws of Thermodynamics Enzymes as tools for making energy and chemical transformations easier.

Characteristics of Life Respond to their environment Grow & Develop Reproduce Cellular Organization Energy (Metabolism) Made of Chemicals

Two important ideas. How does energy move in living systems? Energy flows through living systems From the sun to heat. What are the types? How does matter move in living systems? Matter is recycled in living systems Matter: anything that has mass & takes up space. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. Cycles include: water, nitrogen, carbon

Two important ideas. Organisms need energy to make them go How does matter move in living systems? Organisms need matter to make them up CHONP (Remember?) hZpIYlCA (start at 5:15)

Food for thought...;) What happens if you don’t eat? You get The Death...because you run out of energy. Life requires an ongoing supply of energy.

“The Big Picture” - Photosynthesis What is the job of a chloroplast? Carry out photosynthesis: Capture radiant (light) energy and store it as chemical potential energy (food/glucose)… Inputs? Carbon dioxide, water, radiant (light) energy Products? Oxygen, glucose

Found in PLANTS only! Functions: Site of photosynthesis: Converts light energy into food (carbs, such as glucose) and oxygen gas (O 2 ) Features: contain pigments (like chlorophyll) that help capture light energy Have own DNA Chloroplast Recap

Photosynthesis Formula Light + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C ₆ H 12 0 ₆ + 6O 2 Sun + 6Carbon dioxide + 6water → 1glucose + 6oxygen gas Occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, algae and some funky bacteria Overview of photosynthesis: the process using radiant energy (light/sun), carbon dioxide and water to build food molecules (glucose) and produce oxygen.

Key Points: Small molecules to big molecules Storing/capturing energy from the sun.

Photosynthesis Where do the inputs come from?? Radiant energy + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

Draw the following chart Photosynthesis Plants start with: Plants end with: Carbon atoms (salmon dots) Hydrogen atoms (green dots) Oxygen atoms (white dots) Total molecules (dot groups)

Modeling Photosynthesis Under your chart, write out: Light + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Count out: 6 salmon dots = CARBON = C 12 green dots = HYDROGEN = H 18 white dots = OXYGEN = O

Modeling Photosynthesis What does each dot represent? Make a group of a CO 2 What does this group of dots represent?

Modeling Photosynthesis Write out: “Each dot represents one atom.” “Each group of dots represents a molecule.”

Modeling Photosynthesis How many of the CO 2 molecules should you be able to make? Make a molecule of a H 2 O How many water molecules should you be able to make? Refer to coefficients in balanced equation

The chemical reaction - photosynthesis Photosynthesis Plants start with: Plants end with: Carbon atoms (salmon dots) Hydrogen atoms (green dots) Oxygen atoms (white dots) Total molecules (dot groups)

Modeling Photosynthesis REARRANGE Make a group of a C 6 H 12 O 6 How many of these groups should you make? Make a group of an O 2 How many of these groups should you make?

The chemical reaction - photosynthesis Photosynthesis Plants start with: Plants end with: Carbon atoms (salmon dots) Hydrogen atoms (green dots) Oxygen atoms (white dots) Total molecules (dot groups)

Compare and contrast photosynthesis Similarities: Write 2-3 similarities between the before and after substances Differences: Write 2-3 differences between the before and after substances

Connect back Chemical change/reaction: An anabolic reaction: building small molecules built into bigger ones Energy transformation: Radiant (kinetic) energy to chemical/food (potential) energy

Another “Big Picture” What is the job of the mighty mitochondria? Carry out cellular respiration: Convert chemical energy (food/glucose) into energy that is USABLE by living organisms. Inputs? Glucose (food) & oxygen (breathe in) Products? Carbon dioxide (breathe out), water, useable form of energy

Functions: Site of cell respiration: Converts glucose from food into usable energy (ATP) which is used by cells to do work The “powerhouse” of the cell Feature: Has own DNA “Mighty” Mitochondria Recap

Role of Enzymes…

More food for thought... Why don’t we breathe out smoke? Smoke comes from not completely burning material. Our enzymes do a much better job of breaking down materials... Enzymes control and harness transformations of energy & matter.

Respiration Formula C ₆ H 12 0 ₆ + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Usable Energy 1 Glucose + 6oxygen gas → 6carbon dioxide + 6water + usable energy (36ATP) This process occurs in the mitochondria of animal AND plant (and algae) cells Overview of cellular respiration: the process of using oxygen to break down glucose (food) to get usable energy, also forming carbon dioxide and water

Key Points About Respiration Key Points: Big molecules to small molecules. Releasing chemical potential energy.

The chemical reaction - respiration Cellular Respiration Organisms start with: Organisms end with: Carbon atoms (salmon dots) Hydrogen atoms (green dots) Oxygen atoms (white dots) Total molecules (dot groups)

Modeling Cellular Respiration Under your chart, write out: C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Usable Energy Count out: 6 salmon dots = CARBON = C 12 green dots = HYDROGEN = H 18 white dots = OXYGEN = O

Modeling Cellular Respiration Make a molecule of C 6 H 12 O 6 How many of these molecules should you be able to make? Make an O 2 molecule How many of these groups should you be able to make?

The chemical reaction - respiration Cellular Respiration Organisms start with: Organisms end with: Carbon atoms (salmon dots) Hydrogen atoms (green dots) Oxygen atoms (white dots) Total molecules (dot groups)

Modeling Cellular Respiration REARRANGE Make a molecule of CO 2 How many of these molecules should you be able to make? Make a molecule of H 2 O How many of these molecules should you be able to make? What does each group represent?

Compare, contrast & relationships Similarities: Write 2-3 similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Differences: Write 2-3 differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Relate: Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on each other.

Connect back - respiration Chemical change/reaction: A catabolic reaction: breaking big molecules into smaller ones Energy transformations: chemical energy in glucose (potential)  chemical energy in ATP (potential)  usable energy (kinetic)

The Carbon Cycle

Connect back – Prompts Remember these??? Food for Plants Respiration

Connect back - Respiration Breathing: feature=related Capillaries: Gas Exchange (start at 52 seconds) Respiration with gas exchange:

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Carbon Cycle (diagram)

What is ATP? ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is a molecule that provides usable energy for the cell to do work What jobs would the cell need energy to do?

Characteristics of Life Respond to environment Grow & Develop Reproduce Cellular organization Energy conversions Similar Materials (molecules) These all need energy in the form of ATP!!!

What is ATP? Without a source of usable energy, organisms will die because they can’t carry out the characteristics of living things!!!

Chemical Structure of ATP 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY that you can USE !

How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

How Does That Happen? An Enzyme!

How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase

The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP-ase ATP Synthetase

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals ALL organisms need to convert food into USABLE energy!!!

Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygenIncludes pathways that require oxygen This is referred to as aerobic c.r.This is referred to as aerobic c.r. Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP moleculesBreakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration 6CO 2 + 6H ATP’s C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 YIELDS

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain The Electron Transport Chain

Diagram of the Process Occurs in Cytoplasm Occurs in Matrix Occurs across Cristae

Too little oxygen?? Oh… When organisms don’t get enough oxygen to undergo aerobic (with oxygen) cellular respiration, they go through Anaerobic cellular respiration aka… Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation

Rate of Cellular Respiration Generate a list of potential variables that could/does affect the rate of cellular respiration Come up with a list of at least 4 with your group

To Think About… What organisms undergo c.r.? Where does the glucose and oxygen come from that is used in c.r.? How do organisms get those molecules? What happens to the molecules that are produced by c.r.? Where to they go? What/who uses them?

The Carbon Cycle Matter cycles through the environment

Carbon Cycle: Night vs. Day

The Carbon Cycle NASA – Keeping Up with Carbon ted ted Crash Course The Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: Always Recycle! Carbon Cycle Animation: The Carbon Cycle Song: