Final Exam Review 2014

Oceans:

 Coriolis Effect:  deflection of moving objects  North= Right (clockwise)  South= Left (counter clockwise)  Basin Shape: Coastline  AKA the toilet bowl Major causes of ocean currents

Salinity INCREASES (salt concentration goes up)  Evaporation  Ice formation Decreases (salt concentration goes down)  Fresh water goes in  Rain  Surface runoff  Ice Melts

 El Nino Conditions:  Trade winds are weak or reversed  Ocean current then is reversed  Less hurricanes  Floods in South America  Bad for fishing  Droughts in Australia and Indonesia  US warmer winters (Michigan) Ocean-Atmosphere Patterns

What is a mineral?

Minerals 4 basic rules for classifying minerals 1.Inorganic 2.Naturally occurring 3.Regular crystal arrangement (solid) 4.Definite Chemical Composition Rocks are made of minerals!

Mineral Identification 1.Hardness 2.Luster 3.Streak 4.Cleavage & Fracture

Hardness Moh’s Hardness scale –1 thru 10 –1 being the softest 10 being the hardest

Hardness 1 Softest –Can be scratched by a fingernail Talc

Hardness 7  Hard  Scratche s glass Quartz

Minerals are made of elements Atomic # = # protons (+) Atomic mass Protons+ Neutrons

How many neutrons does Iron have? Timer Times up!

Atoms of elements can be charged  Protons >electrons = Positive  Electrons>Protons = Negative  Charges are shown in superscript  Na 1+

Ores  Mineral deposit from which a metal or nonmetal can be profitably extracted  Native Elements  Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

Michigan common ores  Aggregate  Sand, gravel  Used for construction  Halite / Brine  Salt/ Salt water  Used for food  Deicing (lowers freezing point of water)  Iron ore  Used for industry  Copper  Wires  Coins

 Aggregate is an important ore. Is it a mineral?

I.Igneous rocks are formed from molten material (magma). A. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten rock cools above ground. Usually they are formed after the material has been erupted by a volcano. 1.This molten material cools quickly. 2.No crystals are visible to the eye.

B.Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten rock cools below ground. 1.These rocks cool very slowly. 2.There is lots of time for visible crystals to grow

Igneous rock textures Coarse mineral grains easily visible (grains several mm in size or larger) Granite 

Igneous rock textures Fine mineral grains smaller than 1mm (need hand lens or microscope to see minerals)

Igneous rock textures Vesicular (Open spaces, bubbles)

Igneous rock textures Glassy Shiny no visible crystals (looks like glass)