Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION Today: Requirements Specification Requirements tell us what the system should do - not how it should do it. Requirements are independent of the implementation tools, programming paradigm, etc. However, the requirements are then analysed with the intended implementation methodology in mind.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 2 The Basic Waterfall Model Requirements specification Maintenance Testing Implementation Analysis & Design

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 3 Prototyping Requirements spec. - V&V Maintenance - V&V Testing - V&V Quick Implementa- tion - V&V Design - V&V V&V = Verification and Validation Quick Analysis & Design - V&V Implementation - V&V

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 4 Requirement specification – motivation and basics Requirement specification is generally the most crucial phase of an average software project - if it succeeds then a complete failure is unlikely. The requirements specification can be used as a basis for a contract. The requirements specification can (and should) also be eventually used to evaluate if the software fulfills the requirements. As users generally can not work with formal specifications, natural language specifications must or should often be used.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 5 Typical Documents Basic textual document, e.g. according to the ANSI/IEEE Standard 830 – will be discussed later. A conceptual model of the domain, which may be already available or built separately. A description of the processes, e.g. a data flow diagram. A textual description of the use cases – will be discussed later.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 6 Formal Languages? Usually much too difficult to understand even for an above average user. You may be able to verify the system, but how can you verify the requirements? They are usually used for critical well-defined systems and/or concurrent processing, which is notoriously difficult to handle.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 7 Graphical Languages? Examples: - Entity-Relationship (ER) model for conceptual description - Data Flow diagrams for process description Simple languages (like the above) work well in practice In requirement specification, they should be used to model the application domain and the processes.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 8 Good Requirements Specification Qualities Complete Accurate Unambiguous Verifiable (How can you verify ”user friendliness”?) Consistent Modifiable (also the requirements change) Traceable (where has each requirement come from?)

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 9 Overall Structure For Req. Spec. (Ansi/IEEE Standard 830) 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose 1.2. Scope 1.3. Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 1.4. References 1.5. Overview 2. General Description 2.1. Product Perspective 2.2. Product Functions 2.3. User Characteristics 2.4. General Constraints 2.5. Assumptions and Dependencies 3. Specific Requirements

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 10 ANSI/IEEE: Specific requirements 3. Specific requirements 3.1. Functional Requirements 3.2. External Interface Requirements 3.3. Performance Requirements 3.4 Design Constraints Standards Compliance Hardware Limitations … 3.5. Attributes Security Maintainability … 3.6. Other Requirements Data Base …

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 11 ANSI/IEEE: Specific requirements 3. Specific requirements 3.1. Functional Requirements 3.2. External Interface Requirements 3.3. Performance Requirements 3.4 Design Constraints Standards Compliance Hardware Limitations … 3.5. Attributes Security Maintainability … 3.6. Other Requirements Data Base … 4. Extensions (acceptance criteria, other material...)

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 12 ANSI/IEEE: Functional Requirements 3.1. Functional Requirements Functional Requirement Introduction Inputs Processing Outputs Functional Requirement 2 … 3.1.n Functional Requirement n A typical way to express the requirements is ”The system shall” – ”Järjestelmän on...” Use cases (coming later) describe functionalities

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 13 An Alternative Template Go to Pressman’s book’s web pages ( and from their choose ”professional resources” and then and from there you can find work product templates. The one we are looking for is called ”System specification”. Ok, you can go to rspa pages directly as well, but it may be a good idea to check up pressman’s pages as well.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 14 Techniques For Getting The Requirements From Users Asking - Interview - Questionnaire - ”Brainstorming” sessions Analysing an existing system - We must understand how the new system will differ from any old such system Analysing the environment - e.g. process analysis Prototyping - Gives best feedback and more formal specifications but can be expensive

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 15 What can go wrong? / 1 Missing specifications - Happens often - Experience helps - Sometimes it is impossible to notice Contradictions - Do not document the same thing many times - Integrate different users’ views with the users - Sometimes the users disagree strongly. Noise - Do not include material which does not contain relevant information

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 16 What can go wrong? / 2 Documenting a solution rather than the problem - If the users know some information technology, they want to start solving the problem as they express it. - Many formal (also graphical) methods tend to direct the process into this. Unrealistic requirements - Although we model the problem rather than the solution, it is good to have some idea of what is possible.

Software Engineering 2003 Jyrki Nummenmaa 17 Who should do requirement specification? Someone who can communicate with the users Someone who has experience Someone who knows similar systems and/or the application area Someone who knows what is possible and how (and how much work is roughly needed).