From Ocean to Ocean Unit 5 Chapter 11 Lesson 3 Pages

Objectives Explain how Texas became a state. Describe how pioneers traveled west on the Oregon and Mormon trails. Tell how the United States gained lands after the Mexican-American War. Describe the California gold rush.

Content Focus Mexico took control of Texas in In 1836, Texas leaders declared Texas an independent republic and fought against Mexico’s army.

Texas Independence 1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain Few people lived in Texas Mexico offered land to encourage settlement in Texas

Americans in Texas Many new settlers were Americans Mexico becomes worried 1830 – tries to stop American settlement Also, raised taxes on the Americans already in Texas Americans become angry

Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Sent troops to TX to enforce laws Santa Anna had made himself the dictator of TX Dictator – leader who has complete control of the government

The Alamo TX turn the Alamo, San Antonio de Valero mission, into a fort Davy Crocket & Jim Bowie – Americans at the Alamo Feb. 23, 1836 – Santa Anna attacked Lasted 13 days Mexicans won

Independence Texas leaders declared TX an independent republic Sam Houston – led the army Texas had formed

Never gave up TX never gave up Attacked Santa Anna at San Jacinto TX surprised the Mexicans screaming “Remember the Alamo!” Santa Anna captured For his freedom, he declared TX independent

The Lone Star Republic Sam Houston elected the nation’s first president Called the Lone Star Republic because it had one star on it’s flag Stayed independent until annexed by U.S. in 1845 Annexed – added on

The Oregon Trail Marcus & Narcissa Whitman – 1 st Americans to travel to Oregon Country Missionaries Narcissa wrote detailed letters of the beautiful valleys & rich soil Letters were published Created a desire for many to go west

Oregon Trail Started in Independence, Missouri Traveled in covered wagons Long and shaped like boats Nicknamed “Prairie schooners” Wagon trains – groups Trains left in spring – deadly to travel in winter

Oregon Trail Hard life in west Many people walked Wagons filled with supplies Night – wagons in circle = protection Ford – cross Danger when wagons had to ford rivers

Mormon Trail 1840’s Mormons not welcomed in many places Brigham Young – Mormon leader 1846 – led group west from Illinois to Great Salt Lake valley Now Utah This route is known as Mormon Trail

Mormon Trail Established a city Brigham Young became the territories first governor

Expanding Borders 1840’s – Britain & U.S. claim Oregon territory U.S. believed they had a right to the land Manifest Destiny – idea that the United States was meant to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

New Conflict Will war break out over the Oregon territory? 1846 – signed a treaty setting nations northern border Two years later – Oregon Territory created

California? Americans want California too. Mexico controlled President James Polk – strong believer in Manifest Destiny Offered to buy CA, AZ, and NM for $30 million Mexico refused

President James K. Polk

Mexican-American War Same time – dispute over Texas & Mexico border U.S. claimed the border to be the Rio Grande Mexico said it was the Nueces (nu AY says)River 100 miles north of the Rio Grande

WAR Pres. Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor Mexico attacked May 13, 1846 – U.S. declares war

WAR continues 1847 – Americans capture Vera Cruz Marched to Mexico city Sept. 14, 1847 – War ends

New Borders Feb Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war Mexico gives up all claims to southern TX Rio Grande recognized as border

In addition Mexico sells large area known as the Mexican Cession Cession- concession, something given up All of present day CA, Nevada, Utah, parts of NM, AZ, CO, WY U.S. paid $15 million (half of original offer) 1853 – U.S. buys rest of NM, AZ Gadsden Purchase

California Gold Rush

Gold 1848 – gold discovered Changed land forever

The Forty-Niners 1848 James Marshall – working on saw mill for John Sutter Bank of South River Jan. 24, small gold nugget found More gold found and news spreads GOLD FEVER!

GOLD RUSH Gold Rush – sudden rush of people to an area where gold has been found 1 year = 90,000 people rush to CA Forty-Niners – name given to these people because many arrived late 1849 Men, women, 1,000 African Americans (free & enslaved)

Where & How? Came from all over U.S. Trails Sailing around southern tip of South America Crossing Isthmus of Panama Also from other parts of world: Mexico, South America, Europe, and Asia 1 out of every 4 were Chinese

California Changed Didn’t find gold  ranched and farmed Businesses formed 1849 – population 100, California became the 31 st state

What forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River? Indian Removal Act

What trail began in Independence, Missouri? Oregon Trail

What leader was the first governor of Tennessee? John Sevier

In order to travel west, many American settlers had to ____ rivers to reach their destinations. ford

Many Americans felt a sense of _____ after the nation had defeated the British in the War of nationalism

Cherokee Indians had ____ to American way of life. assimilated

After the Mexican-American War, many new lands were given to the U.S. in an act of ____ by Mexico. cession

Why were trails so important to the growth of the United States? Travel west was new to many Americans Trails helped settlers travel more safely Gave Americans confidence to follow others

What was the Indian Removal Act? A law signed by Andrew Jackson forcing the Cherokee tribe and other tribes to leave their lands and move to Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma.