Chapter 7 section 3 Objective 4.2 Evaluate the impact settlement had upon different groups of people

Mexico Gains Its Independence Mexico gains it independence from Spain. Northern territory: Texas, California, New Mexico remained part of Mexico= great distance= political independence from Mexico. Northern Territory Inhabitants: Native Americans & Hispanic settlers= settlements attacked by Apache, Comanche's & others. the Spanish had est. missions to spread the Christian faith & Spanish culture. Native Americans often worked on the in slave-like conditions By mission system had declined Frontier forts- presidios became weak as well

California Cattle ranching= mainstay of life White Spanish “Dons” & families dominated society. Mestizos- middle class of mixed Anglo-Native Americans Native-Americans-bottom of social structure Americans Move Into Mexican Lands Post Mexican independence= Americans increasingly moved to California - Texas-served as a type of boundary between the US & Mexico. Texas- about 2,500 (Tejanos) settled San Antonio & Goliad Before 1821-Spain allowed foreigners to settle Texas

 Mexico passed 3 colonization laws  Exemption from tax for Americans to settle in Texas  Required Mexican citizenship and conversion to Catholicism  Empresarios – ‘agent’ – given land to fill it with settlers – became governors  National Colonization Act – Mexican Act giving land to 26 Empresarios  Stephen F. Austin  1 st & most successful empresario  Founded Washington on the Brazos  Attracted 1500 families

1. Spanish speaking inhabitants of the territory 2. Mixed birth inhabitant 3. Mexican cowboy 4. A spicy taco

 Americans accepted Mexican citizenship- few adopted Mexican culture or Roman Catholicism.  Benjamin Edwards (brother of an empresario) led a rebellion against the Mexican government= wanted to establish Fredonia= Mexican troops & Tejanos led by Stephen Austin ended the revolt.  In the Mexican government closed its doors to immigration by Americans.

 1830 – Mexico closed its borders, taxed imports & banned importing slaves  Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  Mexican leader – become dictator (1834)  Austin tried to negotiate (1833)  Austin sent a letter to Tejano leaders telling them to start forming their own governments ( )  Austin prepared Texans to organize an army (1835)

 Gonzales – 1835 – 1 st ‘battle’ won by Texan army at San Antonio- “Come & Take It”= Americans take San Antonio (Dec. 1835)  Sam Houston – former governor of Tennessee took control of the Texan army  The Alamo- a Spanish mission  Texan army (180 men) led by William B. Travis  Goal- hold out so Sam Houston could prepare an army.  Reinforcements never came (32 settlers showed up)  After 13 days- the Mexicans overtook the Texans after a 6 hour battle

1. Mestizos 2. Vacqueros 3. Tejanos 4. Empresarios

 Goliad- Texas troops surrendered= Santa Anna ordered the execution of 300 Texans  Another lost battle by the Texans  Battle of San Jacinto  Surprise attack = capture of Santa Anna  Santa Anna forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texas Independence (Mexico never accepted this)  “Remember the Alamo!”, “Remember Goliad”  Texans won the war  Texas gets its Independence – 1836

 Sam Houston elected President  Voted 3,277 to 91 to be annexed by the US  Congress opposed – slavery problem  Andrew Jackson – did nothing  John Tyler – President after Harrison died!  wanted to admit Texas as a slave state  Killed his chances of a second term

 Annexation was the issue Henry Clay Whig For entering Texas as a slave state James Birney Liberty Party Abolitionists who were Whigs James K. Polk Democrat Texas as a slave state

 Texas as a slave state  ‘Fifty-Four Forty or Fight’-  Campaign slogan  Add the Oregon territory as a state extending the border to the 54 th parallel  Great Britain & US finally agreed on the 49 th  Buy California from Mexico  Before Tyler left office he pushed the annexation of Texas through in 1845

 Outrage at the annexation  Broke diplomatic relations with the US  Border dispute  Mexico – Nueces River  US – Rio Grande  John Slidell – sent by Polk to purchase California  Jose Joaquin Herrara – president of Mexico refused to meet with him