C.H.I.L.D Foundation DEVELOPMENT By Drina Madden

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Body Growth Changes in height and weight are rapid in the first two years of life. Development moves from head to tail

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Brain Development Brain grows faster than any organ in the body

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Brain is the only organ that can learn

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Brain Development During infancy, neurons form synapses (networks) very rapidly Stimulation determines which neurons will survive or die

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Brain Development Electrical activity increases as brain weight and skull size increase Cortex begins to specialize as experiences increase

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Brain Development The two hemispheres begin to specialize – left is more language and right is more visual/spatial storage Brain is highly plastic or able to be changed during these early years

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Changing states of arousal Infant is awake for short periods of time Eventually, wakefulness increases and a day an night schedule become apparent Patterns are due to brain development

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Motor Development Follows head to tail pattern New skills are due to combining simple skills into more complex actions Central nervous system maturation/reflex inhibition Movement possibilities Environmental support Child’s motivation

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Motor Development Experience has profound influence Cultural definition can form environment

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Motor Development Reaching and grasping are perfected in first year Pre reaching toPalmar to Pincer

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Learning Capacities Infants become aware of and adapt to their surroundings Sights, sounds and food can be reinforcers for learning

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL At birth are attracted to novelty

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Newborns imitate the human face

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Perceptual Development Over first year Organize sounds into more complex patterns Become more sensitive to speech sounds Notice units and phrases of their own language

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Perceptual Development Eye development and visual brain centers in the first half year lead to: Focusing Color discrimination Visual acuity Visual tracking

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Perceptual Development Depth perception Responsiveness to motion then Sensitivity to binocular then Sensitivity to picture cues

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Perceptual Development Contrast sensitivity accounts for visual preferences Look at border and single feature then Explore internal features then Detect pattern organization then Discriminate complex and meaningful patterns

C.H.I.L.D Foundation PHYSICAL Perceptual Development Birth - Size and shape constancy build understanding of the world of objects Infants - Rely on motion and spatial arrangements to identify objects 6 months – Rely on shape, color and texture

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget’s Theory Sensorimotor Circular reaction – Reflexes gradually transformed into more flexible reaction patterns

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget’s Theory Intentional goal-directed movements

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget’s Theory Physical causality and object permanence

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget’s Theory Functional Play Experimentation

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget’s Theory Mental representation Make-believe play

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Piaget – Now We Know Underestimated capacities of young infants Newborns have more built-in equipment to make sense of their world than Piaget assumed

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Information Processing – not stages Sensory register Working or short term memory Long term memory

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Information processing – cont. Information flows Mental strategies operate on it to increase the efficiency of thinking

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Information processing – cont. Young Infants Attend to increasingly more aspects of their environment Take information more quickly Shift attention from one stimulus to another Capable of recognition memory Memory is sequential

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Information processing – cont. 7 months Can recall stimuli that are not present 2 years Attention to novelty subsides and sustained attention improves Can categorize memories and spontaneously sort objects

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Information processing – cont. End of toddler hood Excellent recall for people, places and things Biology and social experience contribute to autobiographical memory

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Social context – Vygotsky By engaging in joint activities with more skilled partners just ahead of their development ( ZONE OF PROXYMAL DEVELOPMENT) Cognitive competence increases

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Language development Humans have evolved specialized areas in the brain that support language development

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Language development As children acquire language, the brain becomes more specialized for language processing Complete mastery of some grammatical forms are not achieved until well into middle childhood

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Language development is assisted through interaction

C.H.I.L.D Foundation Peek-a-boo teaches turn taking COGNITION

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Reflexes will be modified as they are applied to the environment

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Inhibition/disinhibition

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION Imitation of adult facial expressions and gestures

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION 1-4 months Exploration includes Kicking Reaching Grasping Little anticipation of events

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION 1-4 months Awareness of object permanence Awareness of object solidity Some awareness of gravity and object collision Deferred imitation of adult facial expression – holds in memory

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION 4-8 months Exploration includes Improved reaching and grasping Swiping Banging Throwing

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION 4-8 months Improved understanding of gravity and object collision Use of shape, texture and color to identify objects as separate units Imitation of adults’ actions on objects – only after much practice and repetition

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION 8-12 months Goal directed behavior Improved anticipation of events Can retrieve an object from first hidden location More complex behaviors are imitated

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION months Explore objects by acting on them in new ways Trial and error solutions to sensorimotor problems Can search in several locations for a hidden object Can imitate behaviors seen 1 week earlier and in different settings

C.H.I.L.D Foundation COGNITION months Impulsive solutions to sensorimotor problems due to internal representation Can find an object that has been moved while out of sight Imitation of entire social roles in make- believe play

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL THEORIES Erickson Warm, responsive care giving necessary Basic Trust versus Mistrust Guidance and reasonable choices Autonomy versus shame and doubt

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Theories Mahler Sensitive, loving care fosters bonding

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Provides foundation for separation- individuation Representation and language help create a positive, inner image of mother Can be relied on in her absence

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Emotional Development Signs of all basic emotions present in infancy 6-10 weeks = social smile Laughter = 3-4 months

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Happiness strengthens the parent-child bond Happiness supports physical and cognitive mastery

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Emotional Development 2 nd ½ of first year – anger and fear surface as stranger anxiety Survival value Motor improvement

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Emotional Development 8-10 months Social referencing – ability to understand the feelings of others as perception of facial expressions are organized Middle of year 2 Realize that emotional response of others may differ from their own

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Emotional Development Toddler hood Self-conscious emotions Shame Embarrassment Pride

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Caregivers help by Relieving distress Engaging in stimulating play Discouraging negative emotion

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Temperament Easy child – (largest group) quickly establishes routines, is cheerful and adapts easily Difficult child – (10%) Irregular in daily routines,slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely Slow to warm up child – (15%) inactive, mild, low- key reactions, negative mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Biological roots but child rearing can effect change over time Ethnic and sex differences are due to combined influence of biology and child rearing

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Development of Attachment Attachment supports survival Babies actively contribute to bonding Built-in encourage the parent to remain close to the infant

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Development of Attachment 6-8 months Separation anxiety Use of parent as secure base Indicate true attachment bond has been formed

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Development of Attachment Toddlers use language rather than following and clinging Requests Persuasion Develop an internal working model for all future close relationships

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Deprivation of affectional ties Lasting social and emotional problems Caregivers need to adapt to temperament and physical needs of infant

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Early in first year develop rich emotional relationships with fathers and siblings Peer sociability begins in infancy with socially isolated acts

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Become reciprocal exchanges in the second year

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Self-development I-SELF Begins as infant recognizes that his own actions cause objects and people to react in predictable ways ME-SELF Toddler can see himself as an object of knowledge and evaluation

C.H.I.L.D Foundation EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL Self-development Toddlers compare themselves to others Age Sex Physical characteristics Goodness and badness Foundation for: Empathy Compliance Self-control