FROZEN FROGS!!

3 4 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE Temperature:

MACROCLIMATE Macroclimate:

MICROCLIMATE Fig. 5.3 in Molles 2008 Microclimate:

Taking Advantage of Microclimate Variation

Altitude and Temperature

Why? 1212

Slope Aspect and Temperature Gomez Peak, Eighty Mountain

Slope Aspect and Temperature (Northern Hemisphere)

Ground Color and Temperature Albedo:

Burrows and Temperature

Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2010 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

Fig. 5.7 in Molles 2010 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER Gas Water

Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C Specific Heat of Air: It takes.0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of air 1 o C A) Specific Heat THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ Evaporating Water Absorbs a Tremendous Amount of Heat Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion Freezing Water Releases a Tremendous Amount of Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Warming Effect on Surroundings)

COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes Reproductive Output Exceeds Capacity of Environment

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Variation

ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Intraspecific Competition

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2010 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA: Sulphur Oxidase Function PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA: Population Growth Rate ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

Boreal Moss Desert Shrub ADAPTATIONS: Physiology Photosynthesis

Fig in Molles 2010 ADAPTATIONS: Physiology (Photosynthesis)

(Sceloporus undulatus) MEI = C – F - U METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE (MEI) ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

Fig in Molles 2010 ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

RAINBOW TROUT O o – 4 o C 20 o C ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (promotes breakdown of acetylcholine) ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is Reduced Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments” CONSEQUENCES OF ADAPTATION

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Single Ancestral Strain Grown at 37 o C 2,000 Generations 32 o C37 o C42 o C32 o C / 42 o C Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) 2,000 Generations at 20 O C 32 o C37 o C42 o C32 o C / 42 o C Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2010

ACCLIMATION: Physiological adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism during its lifetime

Grown in Cold Environment Grown in Hot Environment Demonstrating Acclimation (Grow shrubs from Same Population in Different Conditions)

Fig in Molles 2010 ACCLIMATION

HEAT EXCHANGE

Fig in Molles 2010 HEAT EXCHANGE

H s : H cd : H cv : H e : H m : H r :

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants Desert Marigold

Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

Alpine Chickweed Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

Temperature Regulation: Animals

ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Poikilotherms) Temperature Regulation: Animals

Coping with Extreme Temperatures

Clear-Winged Grasshopper (and Grasshopper Fungus) Temperature Regulation: Animals

Fig in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

Grasshopper Fungus Fig in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Homeotherms) Temperature Regulation: Animals

THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE Fig in Molles 2008 Temperature Regulation: Animals

OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

Countercurrent Circulation Fig in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

TORPOR ESTIVATION HIBERNATION INACTIVITY Temperature Regulation: Animals

Skunk Cabbage