Eukaryotic Microbes Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Picture from Fall 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class Updated: Tuesday, July 6, 2010

Eukaryotic microbes Eukaryotic microbes: Eukaryotic microbes: we considered unique features of each, their niche in the environment, and whether they might cause disease. Algae: as photosynthetic organisms, why are they so important in the environment? What features of algae are considered when classifying them? What are some potentially harmful effects of algae? Fungi: what features of fungi make them so unique that they are grouped in their own kingdom? How do fungi reproduce? Fungi are placed into groups according to what feature? What is the major contribution of fungi to ecosystems? What are some differences between yeasts and molds? What is a dimorphic organism? What are some potentially harmful effects of fungi? How can fungi cause disease? Protozoa: In what kingdom are protozoans found? What is the distinguishing feature of Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa? How do they reproduce? Why is their complex life cycle a challenge in treating (or preventing) disease caused by protozoans? What is a parasite? What is a saprophyte? Which type of the above organisms can be parasitic? Which types can be saprophytes? Helminths: what are the three major types of worms that we discussed in class? Be able to give examples of each, the disease they cause, and explain how they are transmitted to the host? What do we mean by primary and secondary host? Which is which? Vector: what is the difference between a mechanical vector and a biological vector? Give examples of each. What do we mean by “vector control” and how is it achieved? Why might this help reduce the spread of certain diseases? -From Study guide Dr. Wright Bio27 Fall 2009

1) Mutalism (both beneficial) love each other. ___________ = fungi +plant roots fungi~ nitrogen fixation plant~ provide sugars Lichen = ____________ algae or cyanobacteria – provide sugars fungi – provide by retaining water Cellulose-digesting symbiosis Herbivores + _________________ Help to digest cellulose Bacteria in the large intestine Help to digest Vitamin K and B. Symbiosis Symbiosis - living together; love each other ; can be single love.; one side hates the other. mycorrhizae Algae or cyanobacteria+fungi *Cellulose –undigestible carbohydrate. bacteria or protozoans Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

1) Commensalism (one beneficial; no harmful) Bacteria living on the skin to get food and others. the host (human) – to get nothing; no harmful Single love 2) Parasitism (one beneficial; the other harmful) Parasites bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths that cause disease one side hates the other. y/invaders.htm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Saprophytes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © any organism living upon dead or decaying organic matter. -obtain nutrients from dead organic matter. -Most fungi in eukaryotes some bacteria in prokaryiotes Mycobateria Picture from feed on ___________ are organisms that live and feed on dead organic matter. -Most fungi and some bacteria. breakdown into ___________ are organisms that breakdown complex organic (dead or decaying organisms) into simpler mineral components. -Fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. Saprophytes Decomposers What is the difference saprophytes from decomposers?

Protozoa Protozoa (Kingdom protista) -Only unicellular -Not photosynthetic but, Euglena? -Sexual ~fusion of gametes, conjugation.. Asexual ~ binary fission or multiple fissions -Motile(flagellates, cilia) -Lack cell wall -some are decomposers Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Protozoa Protozoa (cont’d) Classified by…Classified by… - mean of movement: cilia, flagella, peudopodia or nonmotile  Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Sarcomastigophora (Mastigophora) by flagella; pathogen -Ciliophora by cilia; free-living -Apicomplexa by pseudopodia; parasitize other hosts

ReproductionReproduction - polymorphic ___________ ~ Vegetative or feeding form Favorable environment ___________ ~ Resting form, also can reproduce Adverse conditions Protective cyst wall within the cytoplasm. Lack of nutrient, moisture or oxygen, toxic.. For dispersal and survival. - Sexual syngamy - gametes from different individuals. autogamy - gametes are formed and then fuse. Conjugation - Asexual ~ Binary fission; Budding; Schizogony (multiple fission) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Protozoa Protozoa (Kingdom protista) trophozoite cyst

Algae Algae (Kingdom protista) -uni- or multicellular -Photosynthetic (chlorophylls and other photosynthetic pigments) -sexual ~ conjugation, fusion of Gametes,… asexual ~ binary fission. -No vascular system -Some motile -Rigid Cell wall ;cellulose a/w pectin; silica(diatoms) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © EnvironmentalEnvironmental -Photosynthetic; produce O 2 -Primary producer: food source -Most live in fresh or salt water but, live nearly everywhere. -Lichen (symbiosis: Mutualism)

Algae Algae (Con’td) Classified by…Classified by… - photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenes…) Brown algae, green algae, red algae - storage molecules (starch, fats, oils) - habitat: fresh or salt water Potential harmPotential harm -”Bloom”; red tide by dinoflagellates - Toxin shellfish poisoning *Caution in the Lab - AIDS. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Euglena? -Kingdom protista -Photosynthetic -eye spot -motile: flagella -Alage? Protozoa? Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©  Controversial!

Fungi Fungi (Kingdom fungi) -uni-(yeast) or multicellular -NOT photosynthetic: “saprophytes -Sexual ~ zygospore, asci, basidiospores Asexual ~ budding, binary fission -Dimorphic -Non-motile -Cell wall: Chitin -some decomposers, some saprophytes some parasites -Food production: bread, cheese Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, © Infectious athletes foot! Picture from

Helminths Helminths (Kingdom animalia) -multicellular -Sexual -nematodes (roundworms) trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms) -parasites Arthropods Arthropods (Kingdom animalia) -multicellular -Sexual -insects, ticks, fleas, lice, mites -some parasites Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

trophozoite cyst Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Fungi Fungi (Kingdom fungi) -uni- or multicellular -NOT photosynthetic: “saprophytes -Sexual ~ zygospore, asci, basidiospores Asexual ~ budding, binary fission -Dimorphic (mold or yeast form) -Non-motile -Cell wall: Chitin -Antibiotics, Vaccines Classified by…Classified by… -means of sexual reproduction. Zygomycetes ~ Zygospores Basidomycetes ~ Basidiospores Ascomycota ~ Ascus Deuteromycetes ~ budding, absent or unknown. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

YeastYeast - single-celled - Asexual binary fission or budding MoldMold - Multicellular - Hypae (collectively mycellium) ___________- can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast. Fungi grow … as mycelia(mold) in soil or spores in the air. as yeast-like cells in the body. Dimorphic *Yeast infection *Food spoilage Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

___________ - can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast. in fungi Spores in the air are inhaled  develop into yeast-form in the lungs  disease Dimorphic Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Helminths Helminths (Kingdom animalia) -multicellular -nematodes (roundworms) trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms) -Sexual -Parasites Cause disease through… -Primary/secondary host -Ingesting infected food (beef, pork..) -Swimming infected water (penetrating skin). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Arthropods Arthropods (Kingdom animalia) -multicellular -sexual -insects, ticks, fleas, lice, mites -allergens -carry cysts of protozoa Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

_________ vector -transfer contaminated food from one location to other. - Flies ______ ______ - transmit microorganisms or viruses to human.Vector Mechanical _________ vector - act as a host for a pathogen before it is transmited to another organism. - Mosquitoes Biological Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

_________ :an organism that harbors a virus or parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. _______________ -a host in which the parasite reaches maturity -reproduces sexually. trophozoite -usually human, big animals but not always. Host Primary host ________________ -host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period. -Mosquito, fly harbors cysts. Secondary host Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Vector controlVector control Medication Vaccination Genetic engineering? Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010