Developing vs. Developed Countries with specific reference to Asia Vikas Nath President The Digital Governance Initiative www.DigitalGovernance.org Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications: Developing vs. Developed Countries with specific reference to Asia e-Governance Executive Master programme at EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland 9 December 2005

Let us get out of this classroom… Let us get out of this classroom…. to get a better understanding of this session….

Who is the Government for Citizens ? Who are the Citizens for Government ? Women Central Government Home Ministry Farmers Taxpayer Courts Agriculture Department Rural Population National Banks Senior Citizens Municipality Un- Employed State Government Customs Entrepreneur Media Excise Department Police

E-Governance is about Match- Making: Building Relationships and Trust GOVERNMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS USER GROUPS E- GOVERNANCE Un- Employed Transport Ministry Farmers Department of Youth Employment NGO Workers CITIZENS Home Ministry Women Senior Citizens Local Municipalities Children Local Media Health Department Local Businesses Agriculture Department

Case A: The pre E-Governance situation V= Value of Service being derived by the user U V1B A B V1A U1 V2C C U2 U4 V4D U3 V3D D V5D U5 USERS (5) SERVICES (A, B, C, D) Total Public Value of Services derived = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5

Case B: Desired post E-Governance situation F D U5 SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F) USERS (8) Public Value of E-Governance Services = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5 + ….. + UiVj

A Key Learning: Developing vs Developed Countries E-Governance Model ! ICTs enhances Information Access and Flows… almost automatically in project designs But creating: Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models the “Geometry of Information Flows” needs to be RESHAPED within the society. And this is all the more required in Developing Countries where information asymmetries are higher and channels to access information limited.

5 Geometrically Sensitive E-Governance Models Wider Dissemination Model Critical Flow Model Comparative Analysis Model E-advocacy/ Pressure group model Interactive-Service Model

Wider Disseminating Model Public Domain Wider Public Domain Information: Public Domain Wider Public Domain CITIZENS Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures Key Judicial Decisions: state vs. citizen decisions Government Tenders, Procurement Notice Government Employment Wider Public Domain CITIZENS Public Domain Information CITIZENS

Examples Mongolia: Open Government http://open-government.mn Philippines: Government Online (but not yet!) http://www.gov.ph/directory/ Malaysia: E-Flood Information http://jps.selangor.gov.my Uzbekistan: Portal of the State of Authority http://www.gov.uz

MONGOLIA

MALAYSIA: E-Flood Information DID (JPS) Selangor State http://jps.selangor.ggy.my The system integrates all hydrology data from District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology Unit automatically and in real time. It then provides real-time river monitoring to safequard life and property, and offers flood warnings through SMS. The project simplifies government agency flood rescue operations.

INDIA: Fish Shoal Movements in the Indian Ocean

Critical Information: Private Domain Wider Public Domain Critical Flow Model Critical Information: Private Domain Wider Public Domain Corruption Information Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact studies commissioned Company’s Green Ratings Human Rights Violations Records Whistle Blowing Wider Domain Private Domain Information

Examples India: Central Vigilance Committee www.cvc.nic.in Online filing of complaints against public officials and online exposing of names of Corrupted Government Officials. Bangladesh: Human Rights Portal www.banglarights.net independent web portal which exposes and challenges discriminations and violations of human rights. Mexico: Declarenet www.declaranet.gob.mx Declaranet" allows for on-line filing of income for federal employees. Bloggers

INDIA: Central Vigilance Committee

BANGLADESH: Human Rights Violations

Comparative Analysis Model Information: Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Wider Public Domain Public/Private Domain Wider Domain Public Domain Information Public/Private Domain

Comparative Analysis Model Based on Precedence Information (time line) With and Without Information Court Rulings / Historical Archive Tracking Performance Records / Financial Assets Growth of Ministers Electoral Candidates Information Bringing out Best / Worst Practices Cases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities

Examples India: National Courts http://indiancourts.nic.in Sri Lanka: Comparison of Education Indicators (Kothmale Project) India: Green Ratings of Chief Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of Industries http://www.cseindia.org India: Comparative Learning from Disasters http://www.nic.in

INDIA: National Courts

INDIA: Green Rating of Industries / Paper Mills

Mobilisation and Lobbying Model Building Allies / Networking Networks for Concerted Action Virtual Community Communities Individuals Real Community Common Goal Networks Interest Groups

Examples Planned, Directed, Strategic flow of Information to build strong issue-based Allies / solidarity to complement action in Real World. (often through combination of other models) SMS and Mobile Campaigns- Philippines and Ukraine Signature Campaign: India (Petition OnlineCorruption) e-Signature Campaigns: Pakistan e-Groups on Agriculture Zimbabwe Kubatana.net (using emails for lobbying)

  INDIA: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Mr. Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption Batchmate Sanjeev Sinha, started a petition on www.petitiononline.com and gathered almost 50,000 signatures in a month to force a Criminal Bureau Investigation. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) even took cognizance of the electronic petition and told Sinha about the progress on the case. To:  The Prime Minister of India Dec. 1st 2003. Sub: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption. Dear Mr. Prime Minister, Satyendra Dubey, a very capable, honest and upright person, was working as a senior engineer of National Highways Authority of India on Golden Quadrilateral project. As can be expected of an honest officer Satyendra did not bend in front of the vice of the system and was actively fighting against corruption. 57640 Total e-Signatures

Service Delivery Model USER SERVICE PROVIDER E-Government E- debates E-ballots E-procurement of services E-administration: taxes, parking tickets, licenses

Selective - Service Model Online form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based transactions (initiated by thematic government offices) Citizen A Applying for selected government products. Eg: driving license (Transport Ministry), Land registration certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry) Payment for goverment services. Eg: taxes, license fees, custom duties Online voting Online purchase of government reports Filing of grievance and queries Service X Govt. Office X Citizen B Service Y Govt. Office Y Citizen C

Examples Philippines: Online Marriage, Birth Certificates (City of Manila) http://www.cityofmanila.com.ph/service.htm India: Lokvani Online Complaints (42 Kiosks, Sitapur) http://sitapur.nic.in/lokvani/default.htm India: Delhi Government Online Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in

PHILIPPINES

Bhoomi Model, Land Registration, INDIA All 20 million land records of 6.7 million land owners in 176 blocks of Karnataka has been computerised. And digital records and maps are now Legal Documents admissible for Bank Loans and Dispute Resolutions.

INDIA (Delhi): Online Complaint Form

One-Stop Citizen Portal Model Unifying portal that offers full case handling, decision-making and delivery for diverse services Service X Govt. Office X Citizen A ONE – STOP PORTAL Citizen-centred model as an entry point to all interactions with the government Avenues for making online transactions, making payments for range of government services Service X Govt. Office X Citizen B Service X Govt. Office X Citizen C Service X Govt. Office X

Examples Singapore: eCitizen http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/ India: Andhra Pradesh State Government Portal http://www.esevaonline.com/ UK: DirectGov http://www.direct.gov.uk/Homepage/fs/en (Replaces UK Online) Malta: Government Information and Services Online http://www.gov.mt/index.asp?l=2

SINGAPORE

Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

More than 1 reason for E-Government: Do we see any pattern? Transformation vs. Efficiency? USA: Part of market-oriented government reform process, to maintain national competitiveness, realize in-depth democracy and enhance citizen satisfaction UK : To enhance administrative efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness Korea : Part of new growth engine after exponential economic growth Australia: Reduce gaps between service standards between cities in the vast country Singapore: Means to become the number-one country in the 21st century by taking advantage of its superior workforce and excellent economic environment India : To open up government processes and enable greater public access to information Malaysia: Transform government from bureaucracy to government for common people

Guidelines for weaving Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models What Developed Countries could learn from E-Governance Models in Developing Countries? Who are our Target groups that we want to reach out to, through Internet? What are the key information needs of the disadvantaged community? What are the existing channels by which information reaches to the disadvantaged community? What is the weakest link in the chain of information flows: from source to the disadvantaged communities?

Vikas Nath founder For more information: http://www.DigitalGovernance.org http://www.DevNetJobs.org A network of over 2800 individuals with National Networks in India, Ghana, Nigeria and Nepal. Vikas@DigitalGovernance.org http://www.VikasNath.org