Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya. Protists are difficult to classify.

Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike. Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Protist classification will likely change. Some protists are not closely related. Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

Animal-like protists are called protozoans. heterotrophs (consume other organisms) single-celled Can move independently

Animal-like protists move in various ways. macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia

Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates. flagella help zooflagellates swim more than 2000 zooflagellates

Protists that move with pseudopods are called pseudopodia. some change shape as they move ex. Amoebas and foraminifera Amoeba foraminiferian

Protozoa that move with cilia are called ciliates. Cilia has 2 functions: 1. movement, 2. feeding: food is swept into the oral groove by the cilia for digestion. Macronucleus-controls cells non-reproductive functions such as metabolism and homeostasis. Micronucleus-reproductive division more than 8000 ciliates macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia Ex. paramecium

Animal-like protists cause disease are called sporozoans Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes. Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies. A giardia infection (vomiting and diarrhea) is caused by Giardia and spread through water. sporozoites human liver liver cells developed parasites red blood cells Malaria Infection

Plantlike protists are called phytoplankton. photosynthetic single-celled, colonial, or multicellular no roots, stems, or leaves

Plantlike protists that exhibit some animal characteristics are called euglenoids. mostly photosynthetic, some also heterotrophic single-celled one or two flagella first evolutionary organism with primitive eyespot, used to detect light for photosynthesis pellicle nucleus chloroplast eye spot contractile vacuole flagellum

Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. have two flagella may be bioluminescent have stiff protective plates can cause red tide, algal blooms that can cause harm to aquatic life and humans by releasing toxins and removing oxygen/nutrients from water. Dinoflagellates

Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. shells made of silica produce large amounts of oxygen Non-mobile

Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular. Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae. Ex. is the Volvox Flagella on inside Live in colonies colony daughter colony

Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. May be single-celled, colonial or multicelled. Ex. common algae seen on ponds and lakes, seaweed. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin. Ex. help build coral reefs Brown algae contain chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin. Ex. kelp, can grow up to 60 meters in height.

Human Uses for Algae Mmmm...algae Major food source for the ocean. Produces much of the earth’s oxygen. Chemicals from algae are used to make plastics, waxes, paints, deodorants, agar etc. Also found in ice cream, pancake syrup, eggnog, etc. Mmmm...algae

Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually. All algae can reproduce asexually. Multicellular algae can fragment. Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

Some algae produce sexually. Some species alternate generations(have both asexual and sexual reproductive cycles). Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms. Heterotrophs, called decomposers can move, whereas fungi cannot

Funguslike protists Decompose organic material Slime molds and water molds have both fungus-like and animal-like traits. decomposers, like fungi, (beneficial help material rot). can move, like animals

Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular. Plasmodial slime molds (acellular) are giant cells with many nuclei. Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists. one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s (potato blight, blights of grapes and tomatoes) made of branching strands of cells can be parasites of plants or fish

Overview Chart of Protista Phylum Life Cycle Motility Habitat Chlorophyta (green algae) Zygotic Gametic and alt of generation Some motile & Nonmotile Fresh water, Few Marine & Terrestrial Bacillariophyta ( diatoms) Gametic flagellum Marine & fresh phaeophyta (brown algae) Flagellum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Alternation of Generation Nonmotile Mostly Marine & few fresh water