Chapter 10 The Byzantine World

I. Constantine Review A. Background to Emperor Battle of Mulvian Bridge Constantine Cross Quickly acquainted with early Church leaders B. Constantine as Emperor Sole Emperor of Rome New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople) 313 AD Edict of Milan (toleration of ALL religions) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA Hippodrome video

C. Constantine & Christian Struggles Arian Heresy (see pg 236-237) (threatened “schism” or division in church) Constantine just wants them to “get along” – keep “unity” in Empire Calls for ecumenical council (worldwide council) of church leaders 323 AD Council of Nicea

Arian question addressed Council of Nicea Arian question addressed Date of celebration of Paschal/Easter celebration set Meletian Schism addressed (people re-entering church after lapse in faith – how does church treat this?) Constantine DID NOT decide on books of Christian Bible – this is NOT historically accurate Council of Trent decided on Catholic canon in 1546 Church of England decided on its canon (Thirty-nine Articles) in 1563 Greek Orthodox church closed its canon in 1672

II. Union of Church & State A. Council of Nicea under Constantine B. Theodosius (380 AD) – Christianity the “Official Religion” of Roman Empire Caesaropapism (vesting of all spiritual & political authority in one person) Four Eastern Churches Constantinople Antioch Jerusalem Alexandria

The following are links to a YouTube video from the History Channel – Engineering an Empire – The Byzantine Greeks. Please watch the following video series and make sure you take notes – especially on the contributions of the Emperors. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yymXqXabqls Engineering an Empire – The Byzantine Greeks Part 1/5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tg_qPhbGHxs&feature=related Engineering an Empire – part 2/5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7zDYQBFv4E&feature=related Engineering an Empire – part 3/5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW8zUDI27pU&feature=related Engineering an Empire – part 4/5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coSr0L7K2zI&feature=related Engineering an Empire – part 5/5

Basilica Cistern Wall of Theodosius

III. Early Byzantium – Challenges & Survival A. Julian (361-363 AD) Apostate – tried to revive Paganism Rule plagued with outside invaders – Persians B. Justinian & Theodora (527-565 AD) (see page 238-239 in text) Caesaropapist (Coronation of Emperors) Codified law Attempted to reunite empire (failed attempts – war) “One God, One Empire, One Religion” Paganism Persecuted Nika Revolt Building Programs initiated (bridges, roads, underground reservoirs)

C. Crisis in 7th Century Bubonic Plague (Justinian’s Plague) 630 AD – Islamic invaders Material losses to empire as result of wars (see pg. 243 in textbook)

D. Eastern Christianity Culture & Conflict Deeply Christian – Eastern Early Christianity produces High Art/Architecture Iconoclasm (image breaking) controversy (pg. 244 in textbook) 1054 Great Schism in Church – divides East and West Church Interesting Examples of Byzantine Art: http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/gallery.html Byzantine Art Note that the art is full of Christian symbolism. Most of their art centered around the State religion.

East (Constantinople) Division of Church East v. West East (Constantinople) West (Rome) Mystical – other wordly Practical Paralleled hierarchy of government Monasticism – imposed on clergy Could marry NO marriage Rejected Catholic doctrine of Purgatory Purgatory Permitted Divorce NO divorce Vernacular language (people) Latin language for liturgies Relied on Bible and ecumenical council to define Looked to Church (Pope) to define Evolved as a community of independent churches Papal Authority (ONE church) Eventually East and West excommunicate each other!

IV. Russia (Read pages 249 – end of Chapter) A. 1st Period (882-972 AD) State established & consolidated Kiev as capital Olga B. 2nd Period (980-1054 AD) Vladimir & Christianity

Cyril & Methodius Codex – Cyril Alphabet

Consequences of Vladimir & Christianity for Russia: 1. Russia attaches self to church & idea of caesaropapism 2. Weakening Byzantine empire made Russia (by default) leader of Eastern Orthodox Church 3. Beneficiary of Byzantine culture & heritage (art, etc.) Vladimir: Legal code Built churches Great commerce & wealth

Please look at the following National Geographic Website on the current state of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/04/orthodox/ludwig-photography Russian Orthodox Church - National Geographic Article/Pictures C. 3rd Period (1054 – 1450 AD) Marked by chaos & division between Vladimir’s sons Capital moved north to city of Vladimir Mongols capture Kiev in 1450 AD