Chapter 9: Section 3 The Crusades

Series of wars beginning in 1096 and lasting for about 200 years. The Crusades Series of wars beginning in 1096 and lasting for about 200 years. Muslims and Christians fought for control over the Middle East – the Holy Land.

Alexius I (Byzantine Empire) asks Pope Urban II to help get rid of the Turks (Muslim).

Council of Clermont (1095) “From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report. An accursed race…has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” “Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor….must strive to help expel the Turks from our Christian lands before it is too late…Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted…”

“GOD WILLS IT!” Why did the Pope want the Crusades? - increase his power - hoped Christians would fight Muslims not each other - Knights want to win wealth and land - Knights want adventure

Christians win Jerusalem. Christians massacre Muslims and Jews in the area.

Second Crusade Christians lose Jerusalem to Muslims. - Muslim military leader SALADIN Third Crusade Christians fail to regain Jerusalem Saladin allows Christians to visit Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade Crusaders sack Constantinople – looting and pillaging Meanwhile, Muslims take over Jerusalem and massacre the Christians

IMPACT OF CRUSADES Hatred between Catholics, Muslims and Orthodox Christians Trade increases and expands (Europeans love Middle Eastern products) Serfdom slowly disappears ($ is key!) Monarchs more powerful Pope’s power is high at first, but loses quickly

RECONQUISTA Spain’s attempt to “reconquer” Spain for the Catholics Ferdinand and Isabella rule Spain Huge supporters of Catholic Church INQUISTION – church court that accuses people of heresy JEWS and MUSLIMS left Spain, converted or were killed. 150,000 people left Spain – ruins economy and culture

Learning and Culture Flourish Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish

Medieval Universities Cathedral schools  first universities Better educated clergy Women and Universities Not allowed to attend university Limits types of jobs and skills acquired Christine de Pizan – earned $ through writing  very unusual

“New Learning” Muslim manuscripts that were translated into Latin are coming to Europe Philosophy – Christians believe on faith; Church is final authority Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica = faith and reason live in harmony Very little scientific advances; all knowledge must fit with Church teaching

Medieval Literature Vernacular – everyday language of common people (begins to be the way people write) Epics - long narrative poems Dante’s Divine Comedy – Hell, purgatory and heaven Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales - follows pilgrims to Thomas Becket’s tomb; many characters who tell a story each

Architecture and Art Romanesque Style Roman like structure Long barrel like roof Thick walls to support heavy roof No windows Dark and gloomy

Gothic Style Flying buttresses (stone supports outside church) High walls (carries eye towards heavens) Pointed arches Huge stained glass windows People began to build many – gave inspiration

Art in Stone & Glass -Carved sculptures portrays scenes from Bible and everyday life - Rose window (circle stained glass window in front fascade) -Stained-glass windows Religious education for the illiterate

Illuminated manuscripts Gothic style applied to painting and illumination (artistic decoration of books) Contains designs and paintings of biblical scenes and daily life - Bold and brilliant colors; detail

Section 5: A Time of Crisis

BLACK DEATH Bubonic Plague - disease spread by flees on rats Hit port cities first Kills about 1/3 of the people in Europe

Effects of Black Death Workers die  production decreases Less products = more demand = higher prices  Inflation – rising prices People can’t afford to farm or buy products

Upheaval in the Church - 2-3 popes at a time - schism – split in the church Council at Constance (1417) Chose one Pope for Rome Heretics John Wycliffe -Bible not Church is the official authority. - Jan Hus (follower) executed

Hundred Years’ War English v. French Fight over claim to land Causes Fight over claim to land Economic rivalry Growing national pride English v. French English have longbows; French have crossbows French have Joan of Arc (leads the French against England) French have cannon Impact Growing national feeling in France French Kings expand power English leaders need Parliament ($$$) English begin to travel overseas. Cannon changes fighting (no need for castle or knights)

English longbow French Crossbow