© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. South Asia

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Learning Objectives Explain the linkages and tensions between ethnicity, religion, and contemporary geopolitics Examine the impacts of sustained population growth on South Asia’s economic, social, and natural environments Compare and contrast economic and social development across the region

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Subcontinent Cyclones Monsoon Hindu Nationalism Kashmir Sanskrit Caste System Mughal Empire Dalits Jainism Sikhism Hindi Key Concepts

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Setting the Boundaries Second most populous region in the world Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives Regional unity: Shared history and culture

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6 India- Population growth, Monsoons, Technology service sector (Out sourcing) Subcontinent Nepal & Bhutan - Himalaya Mts. (convergent ) Isolated, lack of arable land Bangladesh- High Population density, low elevation on river delta, flooding Pakistan-Kashmir conflict with India, Fight against terrorism Maldives -Archipelago, tourism, low islands in fear of global warming Sri Lanka-Religious conflict

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 The Himalayan Mountains The worlds highest mountains, the majestic snow capped Himalayas, from the northern border of the Indian subcontinent. Mt. Everest, the worlds tallest peak at 29,035feet.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Convergent boundary The Indian boundary is called the convergent boundary because the Indian continent and the Eurasian continent converge into each other. The Himalayas are produced and the boundary is formed. Even now the Himalayas are growing because the continents are still converging.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 MONSOONS The monsoons are seasonal winds that bring heavy rain to northern and southwestern part of India. This rainfall is crucial to life on the subcontinent, but it can cause severe hardships for millions of those who live in the lowlands of India and Bangladesh.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 The River Ganges (ganga) The 2,510km (1557mi) long river begins at the Gangotri glacier in the central Himalayas which passes though the plains in northern India before draining into the bay of Bengal. The river, held sacred by Hindus is worshipped as the personified form of the goddess Ganga after whom the river is named.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Contemporary Religion Figure Hinduism Islam Sikhism Buddhism and Jainism Other religious groups

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Hinduism is one of the oldest known religions in the world

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Hinduism is directed towards selfless living, a fundamental belief being that the soul or atman survives death. All Hindus aspire to develop a positive karma which will influence a better rebirth. God assumes many forms in Hinduism of which Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer are most central.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Hinduism's caste system assigns everyone to a distinct class.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Caste System Hindu temple Complex Hindu social order Hierarchy Dalits (untouchables) Structure being undermined by modern economy and social reform Figure 12.20

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Buddhism Is an offshoot of Hinduism Buddhism arose from the inspiration and teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni (624 BC). It is a complete way of life concerned with the wholesome development of the individual. Buddhism can be best summarized by the words of Buddha himself: Learn to do good, Cease to do harm, Control the mind, And benefit others.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 The 4 Noble Truths (i) the world is full of suffering (ii) suffering is caused by desire (iii) suffering can be removed (iv) in order to remove suffering one has to overcome desire.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 A monk is someone who devotes his entire life to religious study

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Both Hindus & Buddhist believe in reincarnation, the continues cycle of birth, dearth & rebirth

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 South Asia The Golden Quadrilateral Highway being built in India Figure 12.2 Figure 12.1

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 The purpose of the highway is to connect four of India’s major cites.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Environmental Issues – Overview Figure 12.3 Diverse landscapes Complex problems Kaziranga National Park Figure

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Environmental Issues (cont’d) Natural hazards Deforestation Wildlife extinction and protection Bangladesh: Flooding from a cyclone Figure 12.4 India: logging small trees Figure 12.5

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Logging & agriculture, as well as industrial & urban expansion are causes of deforestation in South Asia

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Most people in South Asia live in compact rural villages

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Population Explosion in India India currently faces a vicious cycle of population explosion and poverty. India, being a developing country, has had to face several economic and political challenges. According to Geography.com.sg, “India's population hit 1 billion in May 2000, increasing the urgency for the country to moderate its population growth.”

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Population and Settlement (cont’d) Demographic indicators

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Population and Settlement (cont’d) Figure Rapid population growth Differing approaches to family planning West Bengal: village health clinic Figure Bangladesh

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Urban Landscapes Mumbai: Hutments built on formerly busy sidewalks with no sanitary facilities Figure Karachi: known for economic power and ethnic violence Figure 12.17

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Urban Landscapes (cont’d) Dhaka: vibrant metropolis with both slums and prosperous areas Figure Problems due to rapid growth Political and ethnic tensions Forward capital Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi, Islamabad, Mumbai

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Mahatma GANDHI(1869 – 1948) Mohandas Gandhi is the first freedom fighter for India to gain independence from the Britishers. Gandhi was the major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. His protests did not use violence to achieve his goals. (nonviolent resistance) He gained independence to India on Aug 14,1947.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Ethnic Conflict – Kashmir Figure Figure Indian soldier in Kashmir

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 Dispute over Kashmir India and Pakistan have spent millions of dollars to develop nuclear weapons in their continuing dispute over Kashmir. This has left less money to spend on improving the lives of their citizens. India's claim is contested by Pakistan which controls a third of Kashmir.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Ethnic Conflict Figure Figure India-Bangladesh border fence Civil War in Sri Lanka

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 37 Social Development Relatively low levels of health and education –Several pronounced discrepancies –Sri Lanka, Kerala Status of women Gender ratios Kerala: South Asia’s most highly educated region Figure 12.41