Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies June 11, :00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET) Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project

Table of Contents Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral Theory J.G. Reitz Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic Self-Identity K.K. Dion and M.B. Phan Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-Being K.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments in Quebec and the Rest of Canada M.B. Phan and R. Breton Racial Inequality and Social Integration J.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism: Empirical Validity and Policy Implications J.G. Reitz

Selected Findings for Discussion Today Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee, "Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in Canada." In Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, edited by Keith Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, Pp

RACISM IN CANADA Darker the skin, less you fit in COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR Vanessa Kirunda and her son Sean, who live in Mississauga, have been stung by racism. "And it's not just white European people," she says. (May 10, 2009) (217) LESLEY CIARULA TAYLOR IMMIGRATION REPORTER Vanessa Kirunda is the last person you'd expect to be looked down on. Poised, articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a black woman, can dissect and analyze why Canadians treat her differently. But all bets were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old son Sean a n Three times. Three different children. "I anticipated this would happen, but it breaks my heart. Something is wrong when children say these things. On top of everything, I'm not going to have my child degraded," said the Mississauga resident. The "everything" she refers to includes being sent to an Adult Learning Centre when she arrived, even though English is her first language, and getting passed over for a college spot in favour of a white friend. "I've never understood people who believe they are superior. It's based on idiotic ideologies. And it's not just white European people." Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens who emigrated from Kenya

Selected Findings for Discussion Today Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada

Immigration nations: percent foreign-born, 2005 Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006

Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002 N = 41,666 Indicators of Social Integration Life satisfaction Ties to Canadian society –Canadian identity –Citizenship –Sense of belonging in Canada –Trust in people Civic participation –Volunteer activities –Voting Ethno-cultural Groups Ethnic Ancestry Visible Minority Status Inequality Household Income Experience of discrimination (self-reported) Feelings of discomfort Fear of attack Aspects of Diversity Ethnic attachments (importance of ancestry, customs, belonging) Religion, religious commitment Generation/Time Period of Immigration Generation, Age

Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS Ancestry (not visible minorities) Anglo French North and Western European Russian and East European Jewish Arab and West Asian Latin American Greek Italian Portuguese Other European Canadian Visible minorities Chinese South Asian Black Filipino Latin American Southeast Asian Arab and West Asian Korean Japanese Visible minorities, other Multiple visible minorities

Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002 N = 41,666 Indicators of Social Integration Life satisfaction Ties to Canadian society –Canadian identity –Citizenship –Sense of belonging in Canada –Trust in people Civic participation –Volunteer activities –Voting Ethno-cultural Groups Ethnic Ancestry Visible Minority Status Inequality Household Income Experience of discrimination (self-reported ) Feelings of discomfort Fear of attack Aspects of Diversity Ethnic group (attachments, importance, belonging) Religion, religious commitment Generation/Time Period of Immigration Generation, Age

Regression coefficients for effect of ethnic attachments on social integration, by immigrant cohort and generation, and controlling for age and (for immigrants) length of time in Canada What is the effect of ethnic attachments on social integration?

Income Inequality Less Perceptions of discrimination and vulnerability More Inequality trends across time and generations

Reports of discrimination: visible minority status more than religion

Reports of vulnerability: visible minority status more than religion

Canadian Identity

Canadian citizenship

Religiosity

Reports of Discrimination: Quebec v. Rest of Canada

Reports of Vulnerability: Quebec v. Rest of Canada

Conclusions Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is associated with –enhanced qualify of life –but greater isolation from the mainstream Racial minorities experience inequality and discrimination, which reinforces their ethnic attachment and slows integration –Race is more important than religious affiliation as a factor in the social integration of visible minorities

Policy Considerations Equality is a key to integration; need to address racial inequality Ethnic community development to support integration Integration requires efforts beyond support for diversity Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy

Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies June 11, :00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET) Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project