CP Biology, Chapter 18 Biological Communities

Community Interactions Competition –Organisms that attempt to use the same resource Competitive exclusion principle –No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Predation –Organism is captured and killed by another Prey and predator Symbiosis –Any relationship in which two species live closely Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition –Organisms that attempt to use the same resource Competitive exclusion principle –No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Predation –Organism is captured and killed by another Prey and predator Symbiosis –Any relationship in which two species live closely Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Mutualism Both species benefit from relationship

Commensalism One species benefits from relationship but other species is neither helped nor harmed

Parasitism One species is harmed by the other species that is either living on or in the other species

Niche Functional role of an organism in an ecosystem –“It’s job, pattern of living.” Determined by biotic and abiotic factors Functional niche –range organism is potentially able to occupy Realized niche –actual portion of niche organism occupies Functional role of an organism in an ecosystem –“It’s job, pattern of living.” Determined by biotic and abiotic factors Functional niche –range organism is potentially able to occupy Realized niche –actual portion of niche organism occupies

Climate Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time Caused by –Trapping of heat by atmosphere –Latitude –Transportation of heat by wind and currents –Amount of precipitation Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time Caused by –Trapping of heat by atmosphere –Latitude –Transportation of heat by wind and currents –Amount of precipitation

Latitude Degrees North and South of equator Angle of sunlight varies with latitude –Most direct angle at equator Climate zones –Polar –Temperate –Tropical Degrees North and South of equator Angle of sunlight varies with latitude –Most direct angle at equator Climate zones –Polar –Temperate –Tropical

Heat Transport Convection Currents created due to unequal heating of a fluid produce wind and ocean currents Winds –Global – Local Currents –Warm –Cold Convection Currents created due to unequal heating of a fluid produce wind and ocean currents Winds –Global – Local Currents –Warm –Cold

Land Biomes Physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals –Climate determines characteristics in a biome –Microclimates are smaller areas within a climate –7 major Land Biomes Physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals –Climate determines characteristics in a biome –Microclimates are smaller areas within a climate –7 major Land Biomes

Tropical Rain Forest –Hot, wet year round –Nutrient poor soils –Tall trees, climbing plants, vines –Herbivores, predators, birds, insects, reptiles,amphibians…. –Near equator Tropical Rain Forest –Hot, wet year round –Nutrient poor soils –Tall trees, climbing plants, vines –Herbivores, predators, birds, insects, reptiles,amphibians…. –Near equator Tropical Dry Forest –Warm year round –Alternating dry and wet seasons –Nutrient rich soils –Tall deciduous trees, drought resistant plants –Predators, herbivores, birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians –Tropical islands, parts of Africa, South/Central America, Mexico, India, Australia Tropical Dry Forest –Warm year round –Alternating dry and wet seasons –Nutrient rich soils –Tall deciduous trees, drought resistant plants –Predators, herbivores, birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians –Tropical islands, parts of Africa, South/Central America, Mexico, India, Australia

Tropical Savanna –Warm temp. –Seasonal rain –Compact soils –Tall, perennial grasses, drought-tolerant trees/ shrubs –Predators, herbivores, birds, insects –Parts of Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia Tropical Savanna –Warm temp. –Seasonal rain –Compact soils –Tall, perennial grasses, drought-tolerant trees/ shrubs –Predators, herbivores, birds, insects –Parts of Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia Desert –Low precip. –Variable temps –Soil rich in minerals but poor in organic material –Cacti, plants with short growth cycles –Predators, herbivores, reptiles, insects, birds, bats –Africa, Asia, Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America, Australia Desert –Low precip. –Variable temps –Soil rich in minerals but poor in organic material –Cacti, plants with short growth cycles –Predators, herbivores, reptiles, insects, birds, bats –Africa, Asia, Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America, Australia

Temperate Grassland –Warm to hot in summer; cold in winters –Moderate,seasonal precipitation –Fertile soils –Perennial grasses and herbs –Predators, herbivores, birds, reptiles, insects –Central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe, plateaus of South America Temperate Grassland –Warm to hot in summer; cold in winters –Moderate,seasonal precipitation –Fertile soils –Perennial grasses and herbs –Predators, herbivores, birds, reptiles, insects –Central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe, plateaus of South America Temperate Woodland and Shrubland –Hot, dry summer; cool, mist winters –Nutrient poor soils –Woody evergreen shrubs, oily herbs –Predators, herbivores, insects, reptiles, birds –Western coast of North and South America, around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Australia Temperate Woodland and Shrubland –Hot, dry summer; cool, mist winters –Nutrient poor soils –Woody evergreen shrubs, oily herbs –Predators, herbivores, insects, reptiles, birds –Western coast of North and South America, around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Australia

Temperate Forest –Cold to moderate winters; warm summers –Year round precip. –Fertile soil –Deciduous trees, conifers, shrubs, herbs, moss, lichens –Deer, black bear, omnivores, birds, turkeys –Eastern US, southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Japan, China an Australia Temperate Forest –Cold to moderate winters; warm summers –Year round precip. –Fertile soil –Deciduous trees, conifers, shrubs, herbs, moss, lichens –Deer, black bear, omnivores, birds, turkeys –Eastern US, southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Japan, China an Australia Northwestern Coniferous Forest –Mild temp –Abundant precip. In winter, spring, fall –Cool, dry summer –Rocky, acidic soils –Fir, Spruce, redwoods –Bears, herbivores, predators –Pacific coast in northwestern US and Canada Northwestern Coniferous Forest –Mild temp –Abundant precip. In winter, spring, fall –Cool, dry summer –Rocky, acidic soils –Fir, Spruce, redwoods –Bears, herbivores, predators –Pacific coast in northwestern US and Canada

Boreal Forest –Long, cold winters; short, mild summers –Moderate precip. –High humidity –Nutrient-poor soils –Conifers, shrubs, some deciduous trees –Predators, herbivores, birds –North America, Asia, northern Europe Boreal Forest –Long, cold winters; short, mild summers –Moderate precip. –High humidity –Nutrient-poor soils –Conifers, shrubs, some deciduous trees –Predators, herbivores, birds –North America, Asia, northern Europe Tundra –Strong winds –Low precip. –Short and soggy summers; long, cold, dark winters –Poorly developed soil –Permafrost –Ground hugging plants and short grasses –Few resident birds and mammals, migratory birds and other animals –Northern North America, Asia, and Europe Tundra –Strong winds –Low precip. –Short and soggy summers; long, cold, dark winters –Poorly developed soil –Permafrost –Ground hugging plants and short grasses –Few resident birds and mammals, migratory birds and other animals –Northern North America, Asia, and Europe

Aquatic Ecosystems Determined based on depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water –Freshwater –Freshwater Wetlands –Estuaries –Marine Ecosystems Determined based on depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water –Freshwater –Freshwater Wetlands –Estuaries –Marine Ecosystems

17 Freshwater Communities 3 zones where life can be found –littoral shallow zone near shore –limnetic area further from shore but still close to surface –profundal deep-water area below effective light penetration 3 zones where life can be found –littoral shallow zone near shore –limnetic area further from shore but still close to surface –profundal deep-water area below effective light penetration 17

Marine Communities 3 major habitats –Shallow Ocean near shore/coastlines Largest concentration of biodiversity –Open Sea Surface due to sunlight area is teaming with plankton found within the first 100m of water –Deep Open Ocean little to no light present found around 300m and greater 3 major habitats –Shallow Ocean near shore/coastlines Largest concentration of biodiversity –Open Sea Surface due to sunlight area is teaming with plankton found within the first 100m of water –Deep Open Ocean little to no light present found around 300m and greater