Lecture 16: Biogeography

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 16: Biogeography Geographic dist’n of organisms (Wallace, Darwin) Historical Ecological Explanation complementary Explanation - past - current - large scale - small scale Want to find distribution of monophyletic groups

Ratite Birds – Monophyletic Once thought convergent But, movement of continents ostrich rhea emu Africa S. America Aust. cassowary kiwi tinamou Aust. / N. Guinea N. Z. Neotropical

Geographic Distribution Endemic Restricted Range Cosmopolitan Wide Distribution Description of distribution depends on taxonomic rank e.g. Warblers Relictual: very narrow range e.g. Tuatara (only New Zealand)

Range Expansion 1. Dispersal A) Active : locomotion B) Passive: edible fruit with resistant seeds resistant eggs on feet of water birds. parasitic stages in the life cycle. wind, water currents e.g. cockleburs

All organisms are mobile at some stage Mobility All organisms are mobile at some stage Ferns & Fungi: fine spores: wide distribution Fresh-water Fish: motile: restricted in distribution need geologic changes for dispersal Marine Fish : planktonic eggs & larvae widely dispersed by ocean currents.

True Range Expansion Peripheral Colonization (range expansion) vs. Satellite Populations (accidental dispersal)

Barriers to Dispersal unsuitable habitat strong competitor severe predation Probability of accidental dispersal : mobility & type of border maple seed fern spore

Ways to Expand Range other than Dispersal: 2) Adaptive Radiation : adaptation to formerly unsuitable habitat e.g. progressive drought resistance: eventual dispersal across desert 3) Geological & Climatological Changes: elimination of dispersal barrier

Dispersal vs. Vicariance Range Expansion Speciation Vicariance Splitting Range Extinction of Middle population X

Vicariance: Pleistocene glaciations 2 million - 10,000 years ago Cold adapted Cold adapted Warm adapted Warm adapted Time Refugia

Continuity of Distribution Vicariance : disjunct Dispersal : disjunct or continuous Disjuct Distributions: Tapir : Malaysia, neotropics Cacti : N & S. America, Madagascar Alligators: Asia, North America

Biogeographical Patterns Congruent Distributions are common among endemic taxa e.g. South America Suboscine Birds, Edentates, Platyrrhine Primates, Caviomorphs

Geographical History Patterns in biogeography often demonstrate history e.g. Biogeographical realms reflect breakup of supercontinent Wallace’s line

New Zealand Narrow endemism New Zealand & New Caledonia from Australia. ~ 80 million years ago. Australia from Antarctica: ~ 50 million years ago. Antarctica from South America: ~ 60 million years ago

Convergence Common in similar habitats across realms e.g. Desert Bipedal Rodents North America Asia Australia Heteromyidae Dipodidae Muridae

Distributions Elephantidae: Origin: Africa (Pliocene 5mya) Dispersed: N. Amer. (Bering land bridge) mammoths: extinct Camels: Origin: N. Amer. (Eocene) Dispersed: Eurasia (Bering) : S. Amer. (Isthmus) Extinct in all but S. Amer., N. Africa, Asia