The Immigration Paradigm Randall Hansen University of Toronto

Immigration is the issue of our time Each year we accept close to 1% of our population Some 40% of them arrive in Toronto

Questions 1. Whether an overarching Canadian identity can (or should) be maintained. 2. About what can be demanded of new immigrants (and what they can expect from us). 3. About dual and multiple citizenship.

Three slippages 1. An overly lax conception of citizenship 2. A confusion surrounding ‘multiculturalism’ and what it requires in terms of religious and other forms of accommodation 3. A sort of democratic deficit, a diconnect between the way identity is being constructed & the way in which Canadians which to understand it.

How we are doing Canadians hold positive attitudes towards immigration while demonstrating integrationist attitudes Measures of discrimination, vulnerability, income inequality, and social cohesion indicate that all is not well, particularly among visible minorities of the second generation

Understanding Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion in Canada Data show: 1. Patterns of race-based economic inequality 2. High and growing perception of discrimination Social cohesion is measured by sense of belonging, trust, Canadian identity, citizenship, life satisfaction, volunteering, and having voted in the last federal election. Levels of perceived discrimination and vulnerability as well as actual income inequality between ethnic groups by visible minority status are also reported.

Religious and Ethnic Diversity in Canada Much of the current discussion is about Islam Misguided, both on the left and the right: 1. Little evidence of any difficult with ‘Muslim’ economic incorporation. 2. No evidence of unusual levels of anti-Muslim prejudice, ‘Islamophobia’

Slippage I: Citizenship Summer 2006: Lebanon evacuations Framed in terms of dual citizenship: this is an error Disconnect between naturalization and belonging Declining levels of belonging overall

Slippage II: Multiculturalism & Accommodation: the reasonable accommodation road show Two basic confusions 1. Multiculturalism and group rights 2. Common laws, differential effect, and discrimination

Slippage III: The Democratic deficit Canadians are profoundly integrationist Opposition to rhetoric is driven by an intellectual intellectual elite.

Softer measures Recent controversies and elite representation Sharia Law Public Funding of Religious Education in Ontario Recent Controversies: Note that a poll of Ontarians prior to the recent election indicated that 71% were opposed to the public funding of religious schools Institutionalized means to recourse: Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees recourse to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, and gender

Conclusion Changes require a retooling, not a radical recasting of policy They are fully consistent with high levels of integration If we attend to these, we can confidently look forward to the next century of immigration

Policy suggestions 1. Raise the citizenship requirement from 3 to 5 years with a tighter link with citizenship 2. Reweight language requirements more heavily + consider language training and tests at the early post-arrival stage 3. Change little in multicultural policy, but place the accent more on a common framework uniting new and old Canadians, view immigrants not as culture-retainers but as new participants in a common political project embbeded in a secular public culture.